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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2022

Eavan O'Dochartaigh
Eavan O'Dochartaigh
Affiliation:
National University of Ireland, Galway

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Chapter
Information
Visual Culture and Arctic Voyages
Personal and Public Art and Literature of the Franklin Search Expeditions
 , pp. 256 - 268
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NC
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

accuracy, 1, 115, 143, 147–148, 156–157, see also authenticity
Ackermann & Co., 125, 143, 145, 166, 171
activity, 130–136, 141, 167–168, see also Arctic, representations of
Adams, Edward
copying of sketches by, 49
home-making, 36
Koutoküdluk – My First Love, 41–43
painting, 41–43, 73
on summer, 45, 47
Admiralty, 16, 23, 24, 117, 145, see also officers
Admiralty Manual of Scientific Enquiry, The (ed. Herschel), 26–27, 29, 99, 139
adornments, 35
advertisements, 58, 66, 70
aesthetics, 5, 6–7, 10, 23, 25, 31, 82, see also picturesque; sublime
Agassiz, Louis, 26, 146, 149
Agnew, John, 10
Ahmoleen’s Map of Behring’s Straits (Hooper), 102
Ainsworth, William Harrison, 75
Akínârssuk, 28
Alaska, 8, 15
Aldrich, Robert Dawes, 29, 36–38
‘All’s Well’ (Dibdin), 36
Alps, 155
Altick, Richard, 68
amateur status of artists, 5, 7, 21, 24, 145, see also search expeditions, visual materials of
Analysis of Beauty (Hogarth), 6
Antarctica, 172, 178
anthropology, 32, 48
anthropomorphism, 82, 92, 129–130, see also Arctic, representations of
apocalyptic imagery, 129–130
appearances, women’s, 103, see also women
Archer, Frederick Scott, 47
archives, 21, 23–24
Arctic. See also exploration
climate change, 179
commodification of, 2, 7, 18
defining, 15
exploitation of, 179
flora, 47, 83, 95–98
Indigenous population, 8–9, 15
map of, 9
modern perception of, 178–179
sovereignty, 179
topography, 30
Arctic, representations of. See also authenticity
overview, 2, 9–
activity, 130–136, 141, 167–168
aesthetic categories, 7
anthropomorphism, 82, 92, 129–130
danger, 55, 90–93, 157, 163–164, 175–177
dark skies, 152, 153, 159–
exploration, 8
exploration narratives, influencing, 82, 85, 86–88
facial expressions, 168, 169, 171, 172
Indigenous people, absence of, 8, 83, 130
‘man versus nature’ trope, 82, 131, 144, 172–173, 178, 179
masculinity, 4, 8, 10–11, 65, 83
in popular culture, 44
ships, 129, 159
snow, 43, 95, 152, 153
sublime, 6
whaling industry, 5–6
winter, 8, 43, 95
Arctic, transformation of
overview, 2, 7, 18–19, 176–178
in exploration narratives, 106–112
in lithograph folios, 167–168
Arctic Boat Journey in the Autumn of 1854, An (Hayes), 34, 87
‘Arctic Charivari’, 58, 66
Arctic Circle, 9, 15
Arctic Dreams (Haycock), 31
Arctic environment
engagement with, 5, 10, 31, 152, 153–155
in exploration narratives, 82, 93–95
familiarity with, 16, 52, 67, 72, 94
intimacy with, 33, 65–66, 94–95
locality, 70, 82, 94–95, 112
in periodicals, 55–57, 72
responses to, 22
Arctic Explorations (Kane), 81, 93
Arctic Hell-Ship (Barr), 10, 52
Arctic Miscellanies (Officers and Seamen of the Expedition), 55, 59, 74, 76, 78
‘Arctic Philharmonic Entertainments’, 59
Arctic Voyage to Baffin’s Bay, An (Goodsir), 81
Armstrong, Alex, 162, 163
Armstrong, Isobel, 4
Art Journal, 121, 125
artists, professional, 5, 24
Assistance (ship), 17, 51, 53
Assistance Bay, 74
Assistance Harbour, 96, 97
Assistance library
Admiralty Manual, 26
aesthetics, absence of books on, 23, 24
exploration narratives, 85, 94
geology, 149
periodicals, 53, 66
popular authors, 26
Atlantic approach, 90, 101
audiences, 4, 146, 173
aurora borealis, 67, 137–141
‘Aurora Borealis’ (periodical), 55, 58, 63, 73, 76
Austin expedition. See also specific people and periodicals from expedition
cultural activities, 73–75
homosocial environment, 74–75
Markham on, 66
McDougall on, 94–95
periodicals, 54–55, 58
visual materials from, 36
Austin, Horatio, 17, 29
authenticity
Critical Position of H.M.S. Investigator, 11
lithographs, 143, 144
of representations, 5, 11
Stray Leaves, 107
Summer and Winter Views, 1, 114, 120–121, 126, 148
autumn, 48
Aylen, John F. R., 27, 32–33
Back, George, 68
Baffin Bay, 2, 5, 36, 45, 90–91, 98
Baffin Island, 15
Baillie, John, 6
Ballast Beach, 162, 163
Baltic Fleet, 37
Banks Island, 15, 73, 156
Barker, Henry Aston, 117
Barker, Robert, 117
barometers, 71
Barr, William, 10, 52, 172
Barrow, John, 67, 77, 84
Bayly, Thomas Haynes, 37
bears, 69, 135
Beattie, James, 94
Beattie, Owen, 70
Beechey Island, 16, 108–110
Beechey Island–Franklin’s First Winter Quarters (Hamilton), 109, 111
beer, 71
Behrisch Elce, Erika, 16, 26, 33, 53, 72
Belcher expedition, 17, 45, 165, 172
Belcher, Edward
aurora borealis, 140
on darkness, 124
on exaggeration, 176
May and, 59
McClintock and, 60
narratives, 20, 85, 176
Bell, Bill, 106
Bentley’s Miscellany (magazine), 53
Bering Strait, 8, 15, 16, 40, 75
Bernese Alps (Burford), 123
Binks, Thomas, 5
Bird, Edward, 17
birds, 127, 135
Bivouac, Cape Seppings, Leopold Island, The (Browne), 150–152
Blakey, William, 40, 41
Bloom, Lisa, 172, 175
Blum, Hester, 53–54, 55, 74, 76
bone carving, 41
bookmarks, 34
boredom, 73, 135
Boucher, Ellen, 99
Bradford, Abraham, 72
Bray, Emile de, 35
Breadalbane (ship), 177
brewing, 71
Britannia, 38, 71
British Museum, 120
British North America, 15
Brown’s Island, 47
Brown’s Island Aug 1848 (Cresswell), 47
Brown’s Island, Coast of America (Cresswell), 158
Browne, James, 122
Browne, William Henry James
biography, 121–122, 150
Bivouac, Cape Seppings, Leopold Island, The, 150–152
Cape Walker Encampment, 31
cartoon, inspiration for, 72
Coast of N. Somerset – Regent’s Inlet, 136, 152–153
coastal elevations, drawing of, 122
Devil’s Thumb, Ships Boring and Warping in the Pack, The, 110
drawing, 20–21, 29–31, 73
Expedition Housed in for the Winter, The, 131, 132, 133, 137
geology, 150
Great Glacier, Near Uppernavik, 125, 126, 128, 135
Noon in Mid-Winter, 132, 133, 137
people, depicting, 131, 132, 135–136, 152
Port Leopold, missing sketch, 132
Prince Regent’s Inlet, 152–154
Ravine near Port Leopold, 154–155
Summer and Winter Views, 1, 19, 114, 120–121, 147, 148
Ten Coloured Views, 122, 126, 144, 146, 147–155
Valley of the Glaciers, Greenland, 125, 126, 127, 135
Buckland, William, 149
Burford, Robert, 117, 123, see also Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford)
Burford’s Panorama of the Polar Regions (engraving), 132, 134, 135
Burke, Edmund, 6
Burnet, Thomas, 130
butterflies, 47
Byers, Michael, 179
calotype, 47, 170
calving, 90
cannibalism, 16, 93
Cape Farewell, 70
Cape Hotham (Osborn), 107–108
Cape Lady Franklin (May), 169
Cape Seppings, 150–152
Cape Walker Encampment (Browne), 30–31
Cape York (Perlernerit), 92, 100, 103
Captain Hatteras (Verne), 110–111
careers, 24
cartoons, 66, 72
castles, 92
Cathay, 2
Cator, John Bertie, 17, 59
Cavell, Janice, 101
Charivari, Le, 66
charts, 22
Cheyne, John, 140
Chimmo, William, 134
China, 2
chromolithography, 146, see also lithography
Chukchi
overview, 8, 100
in exploration narratives, 9, 83, 101–103, 104
‘picturesque’, described as, 102
Chukchi Peninsula, 15, 75
Church and Parsonage, Holsteinborg, The (Inglefield), 48
clerks, 27
cliffs, 150
climate change, 8, 28, 179
climbing, mountain, 155
Close, Susan, 12
Coast of N. Somerset – Regent’s Inlet (Browne), 136, 152–153
coastal profiles, 22, 24
Codell, Julie F., 11
coldness, 43, 67, see also winter
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 24, 44, 70, 88, 172, see also poetry
Colley, Ann, 67
Collinson, Richard, 17
collodion process, 47
colonialism, 83
colour illustrations, 51, 62, 178
colour palettes, 20, 47, see also paratexts
‘comely’, women described as, 103–104
commodification of Arctic, 2, 7, 18
competition, 24
‘contact zones’, 100, 104
Cook expeditions, 5
Cook, James, 40
copying of visual materials, 47, 49, see also search expeditions, visual materials of
Cornwallis Island, 107–108
corruscations, 137, 138, see also aurora borealis
Cosmos (Humboldt), 25, 149
costumes, 64, 134, see also theatre performances
Craciun, Adriana, 8, 84, 93, 179
Crean, Tom, 178
creativity, 73–75
Cresswell, Samuel Gurney
Brown’s Island, Coast of America, 158
Critical Position of ‘The Investigator’, at Ballast Beach, Baring Island, 162, 163
Critical Position of H.M.S. Investigator, 11, 12, 161–162, 175
Discovery of Barings Island September 6th 1850, 159
drawing skills, 157
H.M.S. Investigator in the Pack. October 8th 1850, 159–161
materials, use of, 47
Osborn, describing, 59
people, depicting, 158, 162
Position of H.M.S. Investigator after Heavy Pressure 1852, 159–161
Ross expedition, 73, 155
on science, 27
Series of Eight Sketches, 143, 144, 146, 156–164
summer views, 47
on weather, 45
Crimean War, 37
Critical Position of ‘The Investigator’, at Ballast Beach, Baring Island (Cresswell), 162, 163
Critical Position of H.M.S. Investigator on the North Coast of Baring Island, August 20th 1851 (Cresswell), 11, 12, 161–162, 175
Critique of Judgement (Kant), 6
crocheting, 73
cross-dressing, 11, 64, 66, see also theatre performances
Cruikshank’s Table-Book (magazine), 66
cultural activities, 10, 11, 55, 73–75, 134–135, see also theatre performances
cultural history, 12
Dana, Richard Henry, 85
dances, 34–35, 75
Danes, 48
danger, 6, 55, 90–93, 157, 163–164, 175–177, see also Arctic, representations of
Dangerous Position of the ‘Isabel’ Caught in the Lee Pack (Inglefield), 93
darkness. See also sublime
Arctic, representations of, 43
Beechey Island, 109, 110
HMS Investigator in the Pack, 159, 160
sublime, 6, 138
Summer and Winter Views, 124
during winter, 15, 17
Darwin, Charles, 26
David, Robert G., 8, 117
Davis-Fisch, Heather, 55, 64, 134
Day and Son (printing firm), 143, 144, 145, 156, 165
De la Beche, Henry, 149
Dean, William, 73
Defeat of Zero!, The (May), 70, 71
Deg Hit’an, 41
Devil’s Thumb, 110
Devil’s Thumb, Ships Boring and Warping in the Pack, The (Browne), 110
Devon Island, 15
Dibdin, Thomas, 36
Dickinson Brothers, 144, 146
dioramas, 14
discipline, 72
discovery, 157
Discovery of Barings Island September 6th 1850 (Cresswell), 159
disgust, 100
distemper, 118
Division of Sledges Finding and Cutting a Road through Heavy Hummocks (May), 168, 170
Division of Sledges Passing Cape Lady Franklin (May), 171
dogs, 171–173
domestic life on board. See shipboard life
Domville, William T., 34–35
Don, William Gerard, 37
Douglas, Mary, 68
draughtsmanship, 26
drawing
Admiralty Manual, 26
in Arctic, 166
by Chukchi, 103
definition, 14
intimacy with the environment and, 33
by officers, 22, 24, 28
perception and, 13
on search expeditions, 4–5, 7, 177
sledge journeys, 28
during summer, 45–48
topographical, 22, 25, 27–29
during winter, 48–49
drawing, motivations for. See also search expeditions, visual materials of
overview, 176
career, 24
evidence, 31–33
navigation, 22, 24
personal, 22, 24, 25, 33–43
science, 22, 25–31
‘dreary’, 93–94, 130
dress-making, 11, 134, see also theatre performances
Driver, Felix, 13, 22, 24
Dundas Hill, 46
Ede, Charles, 73
Eismeer, Das (Friedrich), 44
elevation, 15, 30, 122
emotional responses, 25, 33, 117
England, 71, 88, 93
engravings, 20, 40, 106, 131, 162, see also specific engravings
Enoch (Chukchi man), 103
Enterprise (ship), 17, 116, 129
environment, Arctic. See Arctic environment
Erebus (ship), 9, 179
Esquimaux Dance aboard Resolute (Domville), 34–35
Essay on the Sublime (Baillie), 6
ethnography, 43, 48
ethnology, 26, 99–104
Études sur les Glaciers (Agassiz), 26, 146, 149
exaggeration, 170, 177
exhibitions. See specific exhibitions
Expedition Housed in for the Winter, The (Browne), 131, 132, 133, 137
exploitation of Arctic, 179
exploration
overview, 17
Arctic, representations of, 8
in Eight Sketches, 157
positive aspects of, 11, 55, 176
science and, 25, 131, 139
exploration narratives. See also specific exploration narratives
overview, 13, 81–85, 106
in Assistance library, 85, 94
aurora borealis, absence of, 140–141
icescapes, 90–95
Indigenous people, 83, 99–105, 113
landscapes, 95–99
map of, 91
transformation of Arctic, 106–112
visualising the Arctic, 85–89
winter, 83
facial expressions, 168, 169, 171, 172
Faerie Queene, The (Spenser), 90
fairy tales, 90–91, 104, 112
familiarity, 16, 52, 67, 72, 94, see also Arctic environment
Family Herald, 53
Fatal Passage (McGoogan), 52
Felix (ship), 74
femininity, 11, 64, 98, 178, see also masculinity
fiddles, 34
Figure in Sealskins (May), 69
First Discovery of Land by H.M.S. Investigator, September 6th 1850 (Cresswell), 158
First View of the Coast Greenland, The (Mumford), 38–40
‘Flight of the Plover’, 58, 66, 73
Flint, Kate, 4
flora, 47, 83, 95–98
fragility of visual archives, 21, 23
frames, 40, 41, 42, see also paratexts
Frankenstein (Shelley), 44, 172
Franklin expedition, 1, 2, 15–16, 21, 108–110
Franklin, Jane, 1, 3, 16, 19, 141
Franklin, John, 16, 93
French language, 147
Friedrich, Caspar David, 44, 153
‘frowning’, 89, 92, 130, see also anthropomorphism
Frozen in Time (Beattie and Geiger), 70
Garrison, Laurie, 115, 131
Gates of Hell, The (Lambert), 52
Geiger, John, 70
geography, 24, 27
Geological Manual (De la Beche), 149
geology, 24, 26, 30, 147, 148–150, 151
Geology and Mineralogy (Buckland), 150
geomagnetism, 139
George Cruikshank’s Table-Book, 66
Gilpin, James Douglas, 139
Gilpin, William, 7
Glacier Bay, 124
glaciers, 26, 28, 90
‘Gleaner’, 58, 73, 74
global warming, 8, 28, 179
Goodsir, Robert, 81, 84, 90, 100, 103, 105
Gothicism, 93, 109, 160, 171
Granada and the Alhambra (Burford), 123
Grand Moving Panorama of the Arctic Regions, 115
graves, 33, 108–110
Great Glacier, Near Uppernavik (Browne), 125, 126, 128, 135
Greenland, 83
Greenlanders, 34
Greenwich, 22
Griffith Island, 38, 74, 94–95
Grinnell expeditions, 93, 107
Grinnell, Henry, 1, 107
Grise Fiord (Aujuittuq), 26
Group of Thirteen of the Flowers most Commonly Found around Assistance Bay, A (Sutherland), 96–98
Grove, James Blair, 35
Gwich’in, 41
Haghe, Charles, 145, 148
Hamilton, James, 109, 111
Hamilton, William J., 27
Hansson, Heidi, 8, 44, 55
Harald Moltke Brae (Sermersuak), 28
harbours, 122
Harding, Richard, 3, 40
Haycock, Maurice, 31
Hayes, Isaac Israel, 34, 84, 87, 93, 177
Hearne, Samuel, 85
Herald (ship), 136
High Arctic of Canada, 8
Hill, Jen, 83
HMS Assistance in Tow of the Pioneer (May), 167
H.M.S. Investigator in the Pack. October 8th 1850 (Cresswell), 159–161
Hoag, Elaine, 53, 55, 58, 75
Hodges, William, 40
Hogarth, William, 6
home-making, 10, 36, 56–57, 82–83, 135, 178
homosexuality, 64
Hooper, William Hulme, 84, 113, see also Ten Months among the Tents of the Tuski (Hooper)
horizons, 15, 36, 40
hornpipe, 34
Household Words, 53, 123, 137
Howth, 122, 150
Hudson’s Bay Company, 15
Hull, 5
Humboldt, Alexander von, 25, 88, 119, 120, 149
humour
overview, 65–72
‘Gleaner’, 74
‘Illustrated Arctic News’, 52, 67, 71–72
‘Minavilins’, 74
picturesque and, 70
‘Queen’s Illuminated Magazine’, 52, 61, 66, 68–71
sublime and, 69, 71–72
Victorian culture, 67
Huneault, Kristina, 42
hunting, 135
Huxley, Thomas, 101
Hvenegård-Lassen, Kirsten, 131
hydrography, 24
ice, 8, 36, 43, 95, 124–130
Ice Islands, The (Hodges), 40
icebergs, 32–33, 90, 92, 109, 111, 116
ice-free waters, 46–47
icescapes, 90–95, 130
‘Illustrated Arctic News’ (periodical and facsimile)
overview, 51
facial expressions, 168
format, 60
humour, 52, 67, 71–72
Northern Sports – Tumbling on the Ice, 72
publishing of, 61
reviews of, 76
Seamens Graves – Beechey Island, 108
title, 60
U.S. Brigs – Advance & Rescue, Passing Cape Hotham, 107
visuality, 58–59, 62–64
Illustrated London News
engravings, 20, 131, 162
format, 60
illustrations, 51, 62
Summer and Winter Views, 134, 137, 138
illustrated periodicals, 51, 58, 62–66, 176
illustrations, 14, 81
imagination, 4
Imerigsoq (Whale Fish Islands), 45, 47, 101
immobility of ships, 56–57, 83, see also winter quarters
imperial gaze, 9
imprisonment, 78, 94, 178, see also winter
Incident in the Search for Sir John Franklin, An (Blakey), 41
Indigenous peoples
absence from popular representations, 8, 83, 130
Arctic population, 8–9, 15
climate change, 179
in exploration narratives, 83, 99–105, 113
interaction with expeditions, 8, 75–76, 104
map of, 9
paintings of, 41–43
photographs of, 48, 101
sovereignty, 179
women, 41–43, 103, 104
indigo, 47
Inglefield, Edward Augustus
Church and Parsonage, Holsteinborg, The, 48
Dangerous Position of the ‘Isabel’ Caught in the Lee Pack, 93
Indigenous people, 101
‘Isabel’ Entering the Polar Sea through Smith’s Sound, Midnight, 93
Killing a Bear off Cape York, 93
lithographs, 144, 146–147, 160, 163
Midnight Aug 26th 1852, 93
Perilous Situation of HMS Investigator whilst Wintering in the Pack in 1850–51, The, 160, 163
photographs, 47–48
sublime, use of, 91–93
Summer Search, 91–93
inscriptions, 20, 23, 40, 41, see also paratexts
Inspector’s House – Lievely (Kane), 96
intimacy, 33, 52, 65–66, 94–95, see also Arctic environment
Intrepid (ship), 17, 37
Inughuit, 100
Inuinnait (Copper Inuit), 41, 100
Inuit
absence from representations of Arctic, 8
clothing, 35
ethnology, 99, 101
in exploration narratives, 83, 103
forced relocation, 15, 26
photographs of, 48
sovereignty, 179
Inukjuak, Nunavik, 15
Inuktitut, 15
Iñupiat, 8, 41, 43, 75, 83, 100
Inuvialuit, 8, 41, 100
Inuvialuit Settlement Region, 3, 15
Investigator (ship)
Burford’s Panorama, 135
Cresswell, 155, 159–164
Critical Position of H.M.S. Investigator, 11, 12, 161–162, 175
expeditions, 17
home-making, 35
Perilous Situation of HMS Investigator whilst Wintering in the Pack in 1850–51, The, 160, 163
Position of H.M.S. Investigator after Heavy Pressure 1852, 159–161
Ireland’s Eye, 150
Isabel (schooner), 91
‘Isabel’ Entering the Polar Sea through Smith’s Sound, Midnight (Inglefield), 93
‘Isle of Beauty’ (Bayly), 37
isotherms, 15
‘Jack’, 100, 105, see also seamen
James, George Payne Rainsford, 75
Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage (Parry), 44, 76, 85
Journey … to the Northern Ocean (Hearne), 85
Journey Made in the Summer of 1794, A (Radcliffe), 89
Kaalund, Nanna Katrine Lüders, 22, 83
Kane, Elisha Kent
Arctic Explorations, 81, 93
Gothicism, 108–110, 111–112
Grinnell voyages, 84, 93
illustrations, 81, 106
Inspector’s House – Lievely, 96
Melville Bay, 111
U.S. Grinnell Expedition, 108–110, 111–112
winter, 96
Kant, Immanuel, 6
Keighren, Innes M., 106
Kellett, Henry, 17
Killing a Bear off Cape York (Inglefield), 93
King William Island, 8, 16
King, Richard, 99
knitting, 73
Koivunen, Leila, 14
Koutoküdluk – My First Love, 1851 (Adams), 41–43
Koutoküdluk (Yup’ik woman), 41–43
Krabbé, Frederick, 73
Lady Franklin (ship), 74
Lambert, Andrew, 25, 52, 60, 110, 131
Lancaster Sound, 2, 16
landscape painting, 25
‘Landscape Painting’ (Humboldt), 25
landscapes, 22, 33, 95–99, 171
Lanone, Catherine, 136
lashing, 73
Last of the Arctic Voyages, The (Belcher), 177
Leask, Nigel, 25, 121
Lefebvre, Henri, 56
Leicester Square (Taylor), 118
Leicester Square rotunda, 1, 114, 117, 119, see also Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford)
Leslie, Charles Robert, 120
Levere, Trevor, 25
libraries. See Assistance library
Lievely (Qeqertarsuaq), 34–35, 96
Life of Nelson (Southey), 94
light, 124, see also darkness
literacy, 55
lithographers, 14, 145, 173
lithographs
overview, 145
accuracy, 147–148, 173–174
aesthetic categories, 6
audience, 4, 146, 173
authenticity, 143, 144–145
costs of, 4, 146, 173
in exploration narratives, 106
folios of, 143, 147–155, 156–164, 173–174
lithography, 14, 144, 146
locality, 70, 82, 94–95, 112, see also Arctic environment
logbooks, 139
London, 115, 117, 120, 123, see also Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford)
London Colosseum, 115, 120
Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 84
Loomis, Chauncey, 16, 44
Loss of the McLellan (lithograph), 168
Loss of the McLellan (watercolour by May), 168, 169
Lyell, Charles, 149
M & N Hanhart (printing firm), 107
Madame Tussaud’s, 120
magazines, 53, 60, 66, see also periodicals
magic lanterns, 4, 14
magnetism, 139, see also aurora borealis
Maguire, Rochfort, 17, 75
Maidment, Brian, 144
Man in the Moon, 66
‘man versus nature’ trope, 82, 131, 144, 172–173, 178, 179, see also masculinity
Manual of Scientific Enquiry, The (ed. Herschel), 26–27, 29, 99, 139
maps, 107, 144
marginalia, 77, see also paratexts
marine painting, 7, 37
Markham, Clements, 58, 66, 73
Martins, Luciana, 25
Mary (ship), 74
masculinity. See also femininity
Arctic, representations of, 4, 8, 10–11, 65, 83
Burford’s Panorama, 135
imperial gaze, 10
‘man versus nature’ trope, 82, 131, 144, 172–173, 178, 179
Summer and Winter Views, 131, 136, 141
masquerade balls, 62–64, 75
materials, 20, 47, see also paratexts
Matthews, John, 33, 55, 76, 134
May, Walter William
Arctic, connection to, 165
aurora borealis, 140
Belcher and, 59
Cape Lady Franklin, 169
Defeat of Zero!, The, 70, 71
Division of Sledges Finding and Cutting a Road through Heavy Hummocks, 168, 170
Division of Sledges Passing Cape Lady Franklin, 171
drawing, 29, 48
Figure in Sealskins, 69
HMS Assistance in Tow of the Pioneer, 167
Loss of the McLellan (lithograph), 168
Loss of the McLellan (watercolour), 168, 169
on McLellan shipwreck, 170
Monday Evening the 16th August 1852, 62, 63
Moonlight in the Arctic Regions, 111
Nip in Melville Bay, A, 170
on nostalgia, 77–78
people, depicting, 167–168, 170–173
photography, 47
‘Queen’s Illuminated Magazine’, 51, 57, 58, 59–60, 61–62
Scene from The Rival Lovers, 65
Series of Fourteen Sketches, 144, 146, 164–173
Sledge Party Returning through Water in the Month of July, 167
Snow Carriers, 172
theatre, 65
on travelling, 164–165, 167, 171–173
Voyage of the Fox drawings, 34
McClintock, Francis Leopold
expeditions, 17, 84, 94
on flora, 98
Franklin’s death, evidence of, 16
on Indigenous people, 100
visuality, 112
Voyage of the Fox, 34, 60, 111
McClure, Robert, 17, 73, 156, 161, 162
McCormick, Robert, 35, 45
McDougall, George Frederick
overview, 84
cultural activities, 73
on dances, 35
drawing, 29
‘Illustrated Arctic News’, 59
on Indigenous people, 100, 103
intimacy with environment, 94–95
masquerade ball, drawing of, 62–64
on McLellan shipwreck, 170
Northern Sports – Tumbling on the Ice, 72
3 Graves, The, 108, 110
McGoogan, Ken, 52
McLellan (ship), 168–170
Melville Bay (Kane), 111
Melville Island, 3, 44
mementos, 34, 36, 42, 77
memory, 4, 27
mezzotints, 106
Michaelovski, 41
Midnight Aug 26th 1852 (Inglefield), 93
midshipmen, 22, 24
Miertsching, Johann, 35, 73, 161
Miller, Hugh, 149
‘Minavilins’, 58, 73, 74
Minerva Hall (London), 115
Minstrel, The (Beattie), 94
mock moons, 37–38, 49
Monday Evening the 16th August 1852 (May), 62, 63
Moonlight in the Arctic Regions (May), 111
Moore, Thomas, 17
mosquitoes, 47
moving panoramas, 14, 37
Muff, Goliah, 137
Mumford, William T., 27, 38–40, 46
Murchison, Roderick, 11
Murray, John, 84
music, 34, 36, 37, 107
Musical World, 118
Mysteries of Udolpho (Radcliffe), 92
mystery, 138–139
Nancy Dawson (ship), 136
Narrative of a Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea (Franklin), 93
Narrative of an Expedition in H.M.S. Terror (Back), 68
Narrative of the Voyage of H. M. S. Samarang (Belcher), 20
narratives. See exploration narratives
National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, 166
naturalism, 25
nature, 6, 152–153
‘nature, man versus’ trope, 82, 131, 144, 172–173, 178, 179, see also masculinity
Nautical Magazine, 139
naval college, 22
navigation, 22, 24
New Fort Franklin, 102
‘New Georgia Gazette’, 54, 76
News at the Ends of the Earth (Blum), 54
newspapers, 20, 54, 74, 79
Nip in Melville Bay, A (May), 170
Noon in Mid-Winter (Browne), 132, 133, 137
North Georgia Gazette and Winter Chronicle, 76
North Pole, 31
North Star (ship), 17, 27, 31–33
North Star Mount (watercolour), 46, 180
Northeast Passage, 2
northern lights, 67, 137–141
Northern Sports – Tumbling on the Ice (McDougall), 72
Northumberland Sound, 51
Northwest Passage, 2, 131, 144, 156, 179
nostalgia, 11, 37, 77–78, 178, see also souvenirs
Now! o—ne, two—o, three – Haul! (May), 66
nunataks, 116, 126, 127, 128
Nunavut, 3, 15
observations, 26–27, 33, 44, 136, 153, see also science
officers, 22, 24, 26, 28, 40, 47, see also Admiralty
Old Red Sandstone, The (Miller), 149
Ommanney, Erasmus, 17, 73
Open Polar Sea, 93
Ord, John Walker, 30
Osborn, Sherard
overview, 17, 59, 84
aurora borealis, 140
cultural activities, 73
on drawing, 49
on exaggeration, 177
on flora, 98
McClintock and, 94
on McLellan shipwreck, 170
‘Queen’s Illuminated Magazine’, 56, 57, 68–70, 77
on seamen, 105
Stray Leaves, 85–86, 88, 177
winter quarters, 113, 134
Pacific Ocean, 15
paintings, 5–6, 7, 41–43, see also specific paintings
Palinkas, Lawrence A., 11, 55
panoramas. See also Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford)
overview, 2, 4, 6, 114
authenticity, 5, 115
definition, 14
education, used for, 25, 118, 119
immersive experience, 87–88, 119, 120
in London, 117, 123
text and, 4
women visiting, 119
paper sheets, 5
paraselenae, 37–38, 49
Paraselene (Aldrich), 38
paratexts. See also search expeditions, visual materials of
overview, 24
blemishes, 43
colour palettes, 20, 47
frames, 40, 41, 42
inscriptions, 20, 23, 40, 41
marginalia, 77
materials, 20, 47
signatures, 21
Parks Canada, 8
Parry Channel, 3, 15, 101
Parry, William Edward, 2, 44, 54, 76, 85
paternalism, 83
pencil, 40
Perilous Position of HMS North Star (Aylen), 32–33
Perilous Situation of HMS Investigator whilst Wintering in the Pack in 1850–51, The (Inglefield), 160, 163
periodicals. See also specific periodicals
overview, 51–53, 54, 58
Arctic, portrayal of, 55, 67, 79
on Austin expedition, 54–55, 58
contents of, 58
criticism, 74
humour, 65–72, 74
printing of, 53, 58
publishing of, 76–77
reading of, 53, 55, 72, 73
scholarship on, 53–54
as souvenirs, 52, 76, 77
winter, 52, 55–57, 64, 73
writing of, 51–53, 72–75
Perlernerit (Cape York), 92, 100, 103
permafrost, 15
personification, 67, see also humour
Petersen, Carl, 83
phantasmata, 82, 85
Philosophical Enquiry (Burke), 6
Phipps, Constantine, 85, 94
photography, 24, 47, 101, 170
pictures, 14
picturesque. See also sublime
overview, 6–7
Chukchi described as, 102
humour and, 70
search expeditions, 10, 23
Series of Fourteen Sketches, 164
Pioneer (ship), 17, 37, 70, 129
Piozzi, Hester Lynch, 81
place, 10, 83
planographic printing, 14
plates, 26, 81
Plover (ship), 16, 17, 75–76, 136
poetry, 24, 25, 44, 70, 88, 172
polar exploration. See exploration
Port Leopold, 87, 132, 149
portraits, 41–43, 48
Position of H.M.S. Investigator after Heavy Pressure 1852 (Cresswell), 159–161
Position of H.M.S. Investigator, Sept 19, 1851 (Cresswell), 162
positive aspects of exploration, 11, 55, 176, see also exploration
Potter, Russell, 117
Powell, Richard C., 178
Pratt, Mary Louise, 9, 82, 100, 101, 102, 113
Price, Uvedale, 6
Prichard, James Cowles, 99, 100
Prince Albert (ship), 90, 92
‘Prince Albert’ Surrounded by Icebergs, The (Snow), 90, 92
Prince of Wales Island, 29
Prince Regent’s Inlet (Browne), 152–154
Principles of Geology (Lyell), 149
printing, 14, 53, 58, 78, 106
prints, 4, 5–6, 13, 14
printsellers, 4, 146, 173
private expeditions, 16, 93, 107
professional artists, 5, 24
promotions, 24, 28, 29
prospectuses, 78
Province of Canada, 15
publishers, 83, 84, 106
Pullen, William, 17
Punch, or the London Charivari, 62, 66, 137
Qausuittuq, 15
Qeqertarsuaq (Lievely), 34–35, 96
‘Queen Victoria at Windsor’ (Ord)
Queen’s Arctic Theatre, 51
‘Queen’s Illuminated Magazine and North Cornwall Gazette’
overview, 51–52, 58
Arctic, representations of, 68–70
creativity, 75
Defeat of Zero!, The, 70, 71
dogs, 172
editor’s box, 79
facial expressions, 168
Figure in Sealskins, 69
format, 60
humour, 52, 61, 66, 68–71
illustrations, 58, 60, 61–62
intimacy, 65–66
May, 51, 57, 58, 59–60, 61–62
Monday Evening the 16th August 1852, 63
Nip in Melville Bay, A, 170
Now! o—ne, two—o, three – Haul!, 66
Osborn, 56, 57, 59, 68–70, 77
publishing of, 77
Scene from The Rival Lovers, 65
Snow Carriers, 172
as souvenir, 77
supplements, 79
title, 60–61
title page, 57
winter, 56
‘Queen’s Philharmonic Society’, 65
Quilley, Geoff, 5, 22
Qureshi, Sadiah, 106, 118
‘races’, 99, 100, see also ethnology
Radcliffe, Ann, 44, 89, 92, 98
Rae, John, 16
Ravine near Port Leopold (Browne), 154–155
reading of periodicals, 53, 55, 72, 73
relationships, 42, 104
relief expeditions, 1, 16
relief printing, 14
relocation, forced, 15, 26
Reminiscences of the Baltic Fleet (Don), 37
Resolute (Qausuittuq), 26
Resolute (ship), 17, 34–35, 96
Resolute Bay, 15
Reynold’s Miscellany, 62
‘Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ (Coleridge), 24, 44, 70, 88, 172
Rival Lovers, The (play), 65
rock types, 150, see also geology
Romanticism, 37, 94, 152–153, 154–155, 171
Ross expedition, 73, 117, 122, 149
Ross, James Clark, 17
Ross, John, 81, 85
rotunda. See Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford)
rotunda (London), 1, 114, 117, 119
Rough Sketch Moored to an Iceberg (Browne), 20, 21
Royal Academy, 118, 120
Royal Cornwallis Theatre, 74
Royal Navy, 71
Royal Polytechnic Institution, 115
Rückenfigur, 153, see also Romanticism
Rudwick, Martin, 30
Ruskin, John, 118, 119
Russian America, 15, 75
Rutter, James J., 27–29
Sabine, Edward, 25
sandstone cliffs, 30, 31
Sartain, John, 109
satires, 7, 66, 68–70, 74, see also humour
Saunders, James, 27, 28, 32
‘savages’, 99, 100
Scene from The Rival Lovers (May), 65
schooners, 91
science, 26
aesthetics and, 25, 31
exploration and, 22, 25, 131, 139
lithographs, 147
observations, 26–27, 33, 44, 136, 153
Romanticism, 152–153
visuality, 25–31
Scott, Robert Falcon, 172
sculptures, 37, 38
Sea Lion, The (play), 115
sea-ice, 15, 107, 108, 162–163
seamen, 83, 100, 104–105, 113
Seamens Graves – Beechey Island (print), 108
search expeditions. See also winter quarters
overview, 1, 3, 15–17, 18
familiarity with Arctic, 16, 52, 67, 72, 94
Indigenous people, interactions with, 8, 75–76, 104
science and, 22, 25–31, 131, 139
shipboard life, 4–5, 7, 11, 55, 177
visuality, 12, 24, 52, 176, 177
search expeditions, visual materials of. See also drawing, motivations for
overview, 1–2, 3, 21
aesthetic categories, 23
amateur status of artists, 5, 7, 21, 24, 145
archives, 21, 23
aurora borealis, absence of, 139–140
copying of visual materials, 47, 49
fragility of, 21, 23
people, depicting, 131, 132, 135–136, 152, 158, 162, 167–168, 170–173
scholarly use of, 13
subjectivity, 22, 30–31, 33, 176
summer views, 45–48
Sebastopol (Burford), 123
Seemann, Berthold, 47
Selous, Henry, 118, see also Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford)
Sera-Shriar, Efram, 9
Series of Eight Sketches in Colour … of the Voyage of H.M.S. Investigator, A (Cresswell), 143, 144, 146, 156–164
Series of Fourteen Sketches Made during the Voyage up Wellington Channel, A (May), 144, 146, 164–173
Sermersuak (Harald Moltke Brae), 28
sexual appraisal of Indigenous women, 103, see also Indigenous peoples
Sha, Richard, 33
Shackleton, Ernest, 178
sheet music, 107
sheets of paper, 5
Shell (company), 179
Shelley, Mary, 44, 172
shipboard life, 4–5, 7, 11, 55, 177, see also winter quarters
ships, 12, 17, 129, 159, see also specific ships
shipwreck, McLellan, 168–170
shop windows, 4, 146, 173
Siberia, 8, 15
signatures, 21, see also paratexts
Simpson, John, 58, 67
Simpson, William, 145, 156, 159, 161, 164, 175
sizes, 20, see also paratexts
sketchbooks, 5
sketches. See also specific sketches
authenticity, 5
copying of, 49
definition, 14
lithographs presented as, 145
for personal records, 34–35, 38–40
summer, made during, 45
‘taking’ of, 33
topographical, 27
winter, made during, 49
skies, 85, 152, 153, 158, 159–, see also Arctic, representations of
skulls, 100
sledge journeys, 17, 28, 31, 171–173
Sledge Party Returning through Water in the Month of July (May), 167
Sledge Travelling (Osborn), 105
smiling faces, 168, 171, 172
Smith, Bernard, 13, 144
smoke, 37, 107, 108
snow, 43, 48, 95, 152, 153, see also winter
Snow Carriers (May), 172
‘The Snow-Fiend’ (Radcliffe), 44, 98
Snow, William Parker, 32, 84, 85, 87–88, 90, 92, 120
social life, 12, 33, 53, 56–57, 66, 74–75
social spaces, 56, 65, 100
sojourn, 78, 94, 178, see also winter
solstices, 15
Somerset Island, 30, 31, 149, 150
songs, 36
Sophia (ship), 74
Southey, Robert, 94
souvenirs. See also nostalgia
overview, 23, 34, 178
paintings, 37
periodicals, 52, 76, 77
printed documents, 77–78
sketches, 40
space, 83
‘specimens’, 100, see also ethnology
Spenser, Edmund, 90
Spufford, Francis, 8
Stam, David, 53, 72
Stam, Deirdre, 53, 72
Stanfield, Clarkson, 7
steam tenders, 107, 108
Strange, Carolyn, 56, 178
stratigraphy, 24
Stray Leaves from an Arctic Journal (Osborn), 85–86, 88, 107–108, 177
subjectivity, 22, 26, 30–31, 33, 176
sublime. See also picturesque
overview, 6–7, 52
aurora borealis, 137
Cape Walker Encampment, 31
darkness, 6, 138
familiarity and, 67
humour and, 69, 71–72
Inglefield, 91–93
search expeditions, 10, 23
Series of Fourteen Sketches, 165, 167, 171–173
Summer and Winter views, 124, 129, 137, 138, 141
Ten Coloured Views, 148, 150–154
Suedfeld, Peter, 11, 55
summer, 23, 43, 44–48, 83, see also winter
Summer and Winter Views of the Polar Regions (Burford). See also panoramas
overview, 1, 19, 114–117, 123, 141–142
aurora borealis, 137–141
authenticity, 1, 114, 120–121, 126, 148
Browne, 1, 19, 20, 114, 120–121, 147, 148
climate, 179
darkness, 124
desolation, 129–130
geography, 123–130
Illustrated London News, 134, 137, 138
immersive experience, 87–88, 119, 120
layout and key, 116
masculinity, 131, 136, 141
origins of, 125–129
people, depicting, 65, 130, 141
popularity, 120
reviews of, 115, 118–119, 120–121, 124, 137, 138, 141, 148
scholarship on, 115–117
Snow influenced by, 87–88, 120
sublime, 124, 129, 137, 138, 141
Summer View diagram, 125
Winter View diagram, 132
Summer Search (Inglefield), 91–93
sun, 15, 67
supernaturalism, 115, 137, 138, 141, see also sublime
supply expeditions, 1, 16, 27, 40
surface printing, 14
surgeons, 22
Sutherland, Peter C., 96–98
Sutton, Max Keith, 68
tableaux, 14, 102
Table-Book, 66
tabular icebergs, 111
talbotype, 47, 170
Taylor, Tom, 118
Telluris Theoria Sacra (Burnet), 130
temperatures, 29, 45, 179
Ten Coloured Views (Browne), 122, 126, 144, 146, 147–155
Ten Months among the Tents of the Tuski (Hooper)
Chukchi, 9, 101–103, 104
Coleridge, quotes, 88
Iñupiat, 75
tropics, 89
writing style, 86
tents, 31
Terror (ship), 9, 68
texts
in lithograph folios, 147
visuality and, 4, 13, 62, 82, 177
Thackeray, William, 137
theatre performances
Austin expedition, 74
cross-dressing, 11, 64, 134
‘Queen’s Illuminated Magazine’, 65–66
Rival Lovers, The, 65
Sea Lion, The, 115
Zero, 64, 70
Thomas, Julia, 4
3 Graves, The (McDougall), 108, 110
title pages, 62, 63
topographical drawing, 22, 25, 27–29
topography, 41
topophilia, 10
Topping, Margaret, 4
tourism, 108, 155
transformation of Arctic. See Arctic, transformation of
transvestism, 64
travel writing, 4, 9, 99
travelling, Arctic, 164–165, 167, 171–173, see also May, Walter William
Trollope, Anthony, 26
Trollope, Frances Milton, 75
tropics, 89
truth, 44, 115, 120, 143, 177, see also authenticity
Tuan, Yi-Fu, 83
Turner, J.M.W., 106
Two Years before the Mast (Dana), 85
U.S. Brigs – Advance & Rescue, Passing Cape Hotham (picture), 107
U.S. Grinnell Expedition (Kane), 108–110, 111–112
Upernavik, 47
Valley of the Glaciers, Greenland (Browne), 125, 126, 127, 135
Verne, Jules, 110–111
Victorian culture. See also visuality
humour, 67
magazines, 60, 66
marine painting, 7, 37
racism, 100
on ships, 4, 177
View of the Polar Regions (exhibition), 115, 120
View of the Three Glaciers at the Eastern Extremity of Wolstenholme Sound, A (Rutter), 28
virtual witnessing, 85
visuality
overview, 3–4, 13, 18, 114
authenticity, 11
in exploration narratives, 81–82, 83
in London, 117
McClintock, 112
science and, 25–31
search expeditions, 12, 24, 52, 176, 177
text and, 4, 13, 62, 82, 177
Voyage of Discovery (Ross), 81, 85
Voyage of the Fox (McClintock), 34, 60, 111
Voyage of the Prince Albert (Snow), 32, 90
Voyage towards the North Pole, A (Phipps), 85
Voyage towards the South Pole, A (Cook), 40
Wales, William, 88
Walhalla, 71
Walker, Edmund, 145, 156, 159
Ward, John, 5
watercolours. See specific watercolours
waters, ice-free, 46–47
Watt-Cloutier, Sheila, 83
‘Weekly Guy’, 55, 58, 67, 75
Whale Fish Islands (Imerigsoq), 45, 47, 101
whaling industry, 5–6
winter. See also Arctic, representations of
darkness, 15, 17
drawing during, 48–49
in exploration narratives, 83
periodicals, 52, 55–57, 64, 73
representation of Arctic, 8, 43, 95
social life during, 56–57, 66
as sojourn, 78, 94, 178
winter quarters
overview, 16
in exploration narratives, 113
home-making, 10, 36, 56–57, 82–83, 135, 178
map of, 9
Winter Quarters (Osborn), 85
Winter Quarters, Emma’s Harbour (Hooper), 102
Withers, Charles W. J., 106
Wolstenholme Sound, 46
women
appearances, 103
dances, 35
folios, buying of, 165
Indigenous, 41–43, 103, 104
panoramas, visiting, 119
on ships, 136–137
theatre performances, portrayed in, 64, 66, 134
woodcuts, 106
Yaneenga (Chukchi woman), 104
Yar, Majid, 10, 33
Youngs, Tim, 145
Yup’ik, 8, 41–43, 100
Zero (play), 64, 70

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  • Index
  • Eavan O'Dochartaigh, National University of Ireland, Galway
  • Book: Visual Culture and Arctic Voyages
  • Online publication: 03 March 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108992794.010
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  • Index
  • Eavan O'Dochartaigh, National University of Ireland, Galway
  • Book: Visual Culture and Arctic Voyages
  • Online publication: 03 March 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108992794.010
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  • Index
  • Eavan O'Dochartaigh, National University of Ireland, Galway
  • Book: Visual Culture and Arctic Voyages
  • Online publication: 03 March 2022
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108992794.010
Available formats
×