Index

Eivind Engebretsen; Mona Baker

doi:10.1017/9781009030687.008

Index

aborted fetuses, 74

abortion-derived cell lines, 74

accidental viral transmission, European, 1

aerosol transmission, 29

Africa

COVID-19 crisis and restrictions in, 52–53

impact of lockdowns on people’s livelihood, 54–55

vaccine distribution, 68

African Americans

treatment of in health care, 78

Tuskegee Syphilis Study on, 78

Agamben, Giorgio, 18, 43–44, 50

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 78

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), 67

AIDS, gay people death from, 1

All Saints’ Anglican Church, 58

American healthcare, racialized history of, 78

Andersen, Holly, 33

Antifa members, 37

anti-GMO activists. See also gene modification

anti-vaccine activists, 61

Architects for Social Housing website, 43

Are Bill Gates’s Billions Distorting Public Health Data, 74

Are Coronavirus Policies Aiding Criminal Activity (O’Brian), 36

argument, 2, 6, 8–9, 11, 13–15, 17–19, 24–28, 43–50, 68–69, 81, 87–89

Asian countries/nations, 77

use of face masks in, 31, 43, 44

AstraZeneca vaccine, 62–65

Atkins, Lesley, 49–50

audience, 15–17, 24, 27, 48, 77, 83–85, 89–90

Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation (ATAGI), 64

Austrian Press Agency, 72

author, 15–16, 19, 47–48, 90; see also character; narrator

autism, MMR vaccine and, 67, 73

autonomy, 45, 50–51, 71, 90

Avadhoota Gita and Devi Gita, 85

Baker, Mona, 19, 24, 35, 53, 83, 85–86

BAME populations, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among, 79

Batt-Rawden, Samantha, 77

Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein & Murray), 14

Bell Curve, The (Murray), 25

Benjamin, Walter, 12

Bhattacharya, Jay, 47

bias, 59, 81–83, 90–91

Biden, Joe, 41

Bin Laden, Osama, 79

Biotechnophobia, 76

Black and ethnic minorities

vaccination refusal by, 10

blood clotting (thrombosis) cases, 62

World Health Organisation statement about, 63

Bolsonaro, Jair, 41

border bans/controls, 1–2

Brazil, 28, 41

British Islamic Medical Association, Position Statement on the Moderna Covid-19 Vaccine, 74

Bruner, Jerome, 35–36, 83

Bulgaria, Romany neighborhoods in, 56

Burke, Kenneth, notion of identification, 89

businesses, essential and non-essential, 54

Canada, 57, 63

Case Against Lockdown, The (Snowdon), 17

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 78

chief medical officers, conflicting views from, 49

children, 49

fear of loss of civil liberties of, 51

fines for failure to vaccinate, 70

lockdowns and, 46

MMR vaccine and, 66

refusal to vaccinate, 70

wearing of face masks and, 34

Children’s Health Defense, 67

China, lockdowns in, 46

civil liberties

disregard for, 51–53

coherence. See also narrative probability

characterological, 15, 19–23, 31, 35, 48, 54, 66–69

principles of, 8

structural and material, 28–35

structural or argumentative, 15

colonialism, 1–2, 69

confinement, stress and, 46

Conly, John, 31

conscientious objector, 66, 71

consensus, 21, 28, 76, 86

consequence(s), 24, 28, 48, 51–53, 57–58, 66–67

consistency, 15, 24, 48, 54, 56, 85, 89

conspiracy theory, 53, 74

Corporation, The (Bakan), 67

Court of Ireland, 66

Covid Drug Wars that Pitted Doctor vs Doctor, The (The New York Times), 3

COVID-19 crisis, 1, 2–3, 32

controversies of the, 90

face mask controversy and, 28

international arguments for meaures adopted for, 46–47

narrative identification and the, 35

policy-oriented discourses about, 45

politics and science clashing about, 42

public health measures and, 45

reasons for resistance to measures for, 45

reliable medical information and, 3

resistance to lockdowns during, 56

restrictions in Africa, 52–53

transmission route of the virus, 28–35

unreliable stories about, 18

vaccines for, 61

wearing face masks and the, 8

COVID-,19 passports. See also vaccine passports

use of in Europe, 72

COVID-,19 vaccinatio

Johnson & Johnson, 74

COVID-19 vaccination, 61–62, 72

acceptance rates study, 77

COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca, 63

Covid-19 Vaccine Global Access Facility (Covax), 68

programme, 6

reasons for objections to, 73–76

refusal of in Pakistan, 78

vaccine shortages, 69

creationism, 41, 90

credibility, 21, 23, 31, 35, 67, 84

critical appraisal, 81, 90–91

cultural association, 36

culture, 3, 5, 8, 13, 36, 39–41, 46, 53, 58, 82, 84

Cummins, Ivor, 25

curfews, 46

enforcement of, 56

limited, 46

national, 6, 45

victims of, 54

curve, flattening the, 48

Cyprus, 72

data, 10–11, 14–15, 32, 43, 64, 72, 74, 86

quantitative, 49, 56

Deer, Brian, The Doctor Who Fooled the World, 67

Democracy under Lockdown, The Freedom House 2020 report, 56

Denmark, 62, 65

dental law & ethics questions, 51–52

Department for Education (DfE), 34

disclosure, 83–84

discrimination, sterilization as a form of, 79

diversity, 6, 28, 80, 90

Doctor Who Fooled the World, The (Deer), 67

Donnelly, Christl, 20

Downing Street Press Conference, 29

DR Congo, 77

droplets, 29, 31

dwelling, 9, 13, 44, 87–90

EBM model

critical appraisal of, 90–91

Ebola outbreak, 77

economy, 26–27, 45–46, 48–56, 74

Egypt, 56

empiricism, 4–5, 11, 64, 82, 86

Engebretsen, Eivind, 4, 12, 68

England, frontline healthcare workers in, 10

epidemiology, 16, 19, 32–33, 41, 48–49, 52, 73

epistemology, 4–5, 7, 10, 33, 65, 81, 86–88, 91

ethics, 51, 53, 57, 68, 79, 91

Europe, 52, 57

use of COVID-19 passport in, 72

Europe and Africa relationship, colonial mindset and, 2

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 16, 45

European countries, curfews in, 46

European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), 59

European Medicine Agency (EMA), 62–63

European politicians, 76

European Union, 74

evidence, 2–6, 10, 12, 16, 29–34, 47–51, 57, 59–62, 64–65, 77, 79–82, 88–91

medical, 3, 5, 59, 64

pyramid, 4, 81

evidene-based, 59, 82

medicine (EBM), 3, 12, 32–33, 60, 81

policy, 59

evidence-based medicine (EBM), 3–5, 81

face masks

anti-mask protests, 42

controversy around, 28

effect of wearing on children, 34

scientific arguments about wearing, 8

Swedish position on wearing, 16

World Health Organization (WHO)

guidelines, 29–31

facts, 86

Ferguson, Neil, 19, 66

fidelity, 53, 84–85, 88–90

narrative, 15, 23–27, 36, 88

principles of, 8

Fisher, Walter, 2, 6, 77, 86, 87

characterological coherence, 54

definition of narration and, 89

discussion of structural coherence, 15

logic of good reasons and, 14, 24

narrative paradigm, 81–85

narrative paradigm of, 14, 89

narrative rationality and, 64, 79

Warnick’s criticism of, 85

Focused Protection, 47

France, 39, 46, 77

Franklin County Public Health Board, 37

freedom

and social responsibility, 69–73

individual, 56

Freedom House 2020 report, Democracy under Lockdown, 56

freedom of movement, 57

freedom, discussion about, 43–44

frontline healthcare workers, 10

Gandhi, Guide to Health, 73

Gaskin, Ina May, Ina May’s Guide to Childbirth, 12

Gates, Bill, 74

Gaza, 52, 53

gene editing (GE), European politicians and, 76

gene therapy, 75

General Medical Council, UK, 67

Generation Rescue, 67

genetic modification (GM), 74, 75

European politicians and, 76

genetic-based therapy, 74

Genome Revolution, the, 74

germ theory, 2

Germany, 72

Ghebreyesus, Tedros Adhanom, 60

good reasons, logic of, 14–15, 54

Great Barrington Declaration, the (Bhattacharya, Gupta, and Kulldorff), 47

critiques of, 47–49

Greece, 72

Greenhalgh, Trish, 49, 51, 60

Guide to Health (Gandhi), 73

Gupta, Sunetra, 47, 49, 51

Oxford model of, 51

Harries, Jenny, 20

health care decisions, 11–12

healthcare communication, 81

Heidegger, Martin, 7, 9, 87

Heneghan, Carl, 49

Hepatitis B, 72

fake vaccination programme against, 79

herd immunity, 45, 47, 50, 70

benefits of, 47

The Great Barrington Declaration and, 47–49

Herrnstein, Richard, The Bell Curve, 14

Hitchens, Peter, 42

HIV

and primate virus, 1

blocking federal funding for research in, 1

condom use for, 41

reluctance to wearing condoms and, 41

Hölerlin, Friedrich, 87

homo narrans metaphor, 9

homo sapiens, 9

homophobia, 40–42

humanity, 9

hydroxychloroquine, 61

identification, 40

narrative, 81–82, 88–90

narrative paradigm and, 77

notion of, 89

identity, 28, 36, 57, 88; see also narrative identification

immunological naivete, natives, 1

Ina May’s Guide to Childbirth (Gaskin), 12

incoherence

material, 47, See also coherence

structural, 46

structural and material, 28, 34, 37, 45, 47–53, 59, 62

India

discrimination against Muslim minority populations, 58

intellectual property (IP) regulations, 67

inference, 13–14

influenza vaccine, 78

information, 86

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME), 74

institutional trust, African Americans and, 78

intellectual property (IP) regulations, waiver of, 67

Invention of a Pandemic, The, 18

Iran, 57–58

Italy, 18, 43

John Snow Memorandum, 47–48; see also Great Barrington Declaration

Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine, 74

Johnson, Boris, 23, 28, 34, 39

Kagumire, Rosebell, 69

Kennedy, Robert F. Jr, 67

Kriebel, David, 33

Kristeva, Julia, 7, 90

Kulldorff, Martin, 47

Kuwait, 56

Lahren, Tomi, 41

Lancet Infectious Disease, The, 77

Lekki Free Trade Zone, 55

Lewis, Norman, 60

LGBT community

discrimination against, 56

in Kampala, 56

liberty, negative and positive, 43–44

lockdowns, 45, 70

and other restrictions on small businesses, 53–54

enforced, 25

fines for breaking, 56

impact on livelihoods of people, 54–55

in the UK, 45

lockdown measures, 49, 56

protests against, 54–55

resistance to, 56

UK’s approach to, 46

victims of, 54

Lockdownsceptics.com, 17

logos, 10, 87

London, Freeman, 49

Lonergan, Bernard, 12

long covid, 49

Luxembourg, 72

Lyndon, M, 52

Lynteris, Christos, 44

malaria, 6, 61

Malawi, 54

Manchurian plague, 31

mandatory vaccination, 70–71, 72

Marcus, Julia, 41–42

masculinity, 40–42

performative, 40

toxic white, 41

mask. See face masks

material incoherence, 33, 45, 49, See also incoherence

Agamben use of, 18

charges of, 17

Great Barrington Declaration, 47

in institutional narratives, 32

Snowdon’s accounts and, 17

McClure, Kevin, 35–36, 40–41, 88–90

media, 6, 13, 22, 35–36, 45, 53, 58, 65, 69, 83

mainstream, 6, 22, 28, 35, 65–66

social, 3, 6, 23, 28, 36, 53, 74–75, 89

medical doctors, being off duty, 12

medical evidence, and policy making, 59

migrant populations, 57

misinformation, 29, 31, 57

MMR vaccine, 66, 72

and autism, 67, 73

Moderna vaccination, 74

Moore, Tom, 22–23

morality, 4, 8, 27, 48, 50, 74, 82–84, 86; see also ethics

mRNA vaccines, 74

Murray, Charles, The Bell Curve, 14, 25

Nancy, Jean-Luc, 18

narrative accrual concept, 36

narrative fidelity, 15, 23–27, 36, 88

logic of good reasons and, 14–15

narrative identification, 35–36, 81–82, 88–90

narrative paradigm, 6, 8–11, 81–82, 89

expansion of, 88–90

identification and, 77

limitations of Fisher’s, 82–85

purpose of Fisher’s, 14

versus rational world paradigm, 11–14

narrative probability, 15, 19, 23, 36

meaning of, 15

narrative rationality, 9, 88

Fisher’s, 64

Fisher’s, 9

narrator, 2, 19, 21, 25, 65; see also author

National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) – Canada, 63, 65

national curfews, 6, 45

National Health Service (NHS), 22–23, 25, 46, 51, 71–73

national lockdowns, 19, 20, 49

in England, 17, 46

Native Americans, 79

smallpox effect on, 1

New York Times, The, Covid Drug Wars that Pitted Doctor vs Doctor, The, 3

Nigeria, 55, 79

normative ambiguity, 45

Norway, 31, 62, 65

Norwegian Medical Agency, 64–65

notion of identification, 89

O’Brian, Kevin, 36–37

objectivist knowledge, 81–82, 86

official institutions

mistrust of, 56

Omicron variant, 1–2, 69

ontology, 10, 86, 88

Open Access Government, 76

Our Medical Liberties, 78

Oxford-AstraZeneca (Vaxzevria) vaccine. See AstraZeneca vaccine

Pakistan, resistance to polio vaccine, 78

pharmaceutical companies, trust in, 78

pharmaceutical interventions, government policies and, 69

phronesis, 10

physical distancing measures, 6, 20, 21, 33, 45

difficulty maintaining, 39

in the classroom, 34

Planet of Viruses, A (Zimmer), 1, 2

Plato, 11, 85

polio vaccine, resistance to in Pakistan, 78

politics

science and, 1–2

Predictive Analytics World, 15

Price of Panic, The (Axe), 59

primate virus, HIV and, 1

probability, 53, 88–90

narrative, 36

probability, narrative, 15, 23

public health

communication and persuasion and, 85

public health measures, 32, 45, 59–60

protests over, 57

public health messages, structural and material incoherence in, 62

public health recommendations. See Public health measures

public policy, structural and material incoherence of, 45

pure bodies, 73–76

Quach-Thanh, Caroline, 65

Quakers, 66

quarantine, 21, 57, 70; see also lockdowns

Qvortrup, Mads and Esben Bjerggaard Nielsen, 9–10, 13, 81, 87–88

race-based segregation strategies, 2

racial differences debate, The Bell Curve and, 14–15

racism, 40

randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 3, 11, 32, 33, 60, 62, 81; see also evidence-based medicine

rational world paradigm, 13–14

facts and, 86

vs narrative paradigm, 13–14

rationality, 81

narrative, 12

types of, 8

view of, 11

Reagan administration, 1

reasons, the logic of, 24–25

relevance, 4, 17–18, 23–24, 27–29, 48, 88; see also logic of good reasons

regulations, lack of compliance with, 8

rhetoric, 5, 9–10, 14, 24, 27, 36, 53, 83–85, 87, 89

right to religious assembly, 57–59

Romany neighborhoods, in Bulgaria, 56

Rone, Julia, 64–65

Rutter, Henry, 60

Sadler, Neil, 83–84, 87–88

SARS-CoV-2, 30

variant Omicron, 1

Savage, Michael, 42

Science and Law of Refusing to Wear Masks, The, 43

science claims, and politics, 1–2

Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), 19

Scientific American, 41

scientific claims, 48

as narratives, 2

scientific data, subjectivity in assessing, 14

settler colonialism, 1

Sierra Leone slums, 52

Sikora, Karol, 49

small businesses, impact of restrictions on, 53–54

smallpox

effect on Native Americans, 1

mandates, 72

terror attacks, 74

vaccine for, 66, 70

Smith, Iain Duncan, 20

Snowdon, Christopher, 17–18, 25

lockdown narratives of, 19

social distance measures, 54

social distancing. See physical distancing measures

social distancing measures

in Africa, 52

social responsibility, 56, 70

socialization, process of, 10

South Africa, 54–55

intellectual property (IP) regulations, 67

Omicron variant in, 1–2, 69

social distancing in, 52

South Korea, 43, 77

Spain, 46

Spiked, 60

Sridhar, Devi, 45

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 43

Stanford School of Medicine, 32

statistics, 4, 26, 50, 86

sterilization, of ethnic people, 79

story

meaning of a, 17

story, 1, 5, 8, 10–19, 21–24, 26–27, 35, 48, 66–67, 77, 83–85, 87–90; see also narrative

stress, 46

Stroud, Scott R., 11, 13, 16, 36, 84–87, 89

structural incoherence, 39, 49

UK’s approach to lockdowns, 46

Sweden, 31

Syed, Imam Abdul, 58

Tablighi Jamaat, 58

Talibani crime, 58

Tegnell, Anders, 16–17

test regimes, 8

thrombocytopenia, 63

Toughlove, 13

TRIPS Council, 67

Trudeau, Justin, 64

Trump, Donald, 28, 41, 61

Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 78

Uganda, 55

discrimination against LGBT groups, 56

ultra religious groups, 58

United Kingdom (UK), 69

lockdowns in, 45

United Nations (UN), 51, 60, 68

United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, 59

United States Public Health Service (PHS), 78

Urrutia, Manuel León, 86

US, 52, 57

mistrust of the official institutions in the, 54

vaccination, 61–62

exemption on religious grounds, 73

reasons for objections to, 73–76

refusal by Black/ethnic minority frontline workers, 10

rejection of mandated, 70

Vaccination Act

1853, 78

1853 and 1867, 66

1898, 71

vaccine apartheid, 68, 69

vaccine distribution, global, 67–69

vaccine hesitancy, 6, 8, 61, 75, 85

amongst BAME populations, 79

questions about vaccines, 61

vaccine nationalism, 68, 69

vaccine passports, 70

Vaccine Resistance Movement (VRM), 67

values, 2–3, 5–6, 8–9, 11–16, 19, 23–28, 33, 35–36, 40–42, 44–51, 53–54, 57, 59–60, 62, 66–67, 69–70, 72, 75–76, 82–86, 88; see also principles

transcendental, 25–26, 35–36, 43, 57, 69

Van Tam, Jonathan, 29

Vaxzevria, 62–63

virus transmission, 28–29

vulnerable groups, 50

Wakefield, Andrew, 67, 73

Waterloo Mosque, 58

Waters, Gerard, 66

Whitty, Chris, 18

Wolpert, Miranda, 60

World Health Organization (WHO), 60

guidelines, 29–31

statement about vaccines and clotting, 63

World Health Organization (WHO) Pandemic Task Force, 74

World Trade Organization (WTO), 67

Wright, Austin, 28

Wright, Nicholas, 43

Yeadon, Mike, 25

Young Earth Creationists, 41, 90

Young, Toby, 17–18, 19

rebuttal of Christopher Snowdon’s argument, 25

Zimmer, Carl

A Planet of Viruses, 1

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