I. Introduction
The Latin American region has taken relatively slow steps to develop a regional agenda on business and human rights.Footnote 1 It was only in January 2015 that the first meeting on the topic was convened at the Organization of American States. Some states have nevertheless been active in this field: Colombia has developed several initiatives on this issue, led by the Government or civil society; Chile recently started developing a national business and human rights plan, the first in Latin America. Argentina and Guatemala have also announced their intention to develop domestic policies to implement the UN Guiding Principles.
Mexico, an economically and politically powerful state in the region, has been noticeably absent. Despite its status as a member state of the OECD and its support in 2011 to the resolution whereby the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council endorsed the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UN GPs), Mexico has taken few steps to develop a national business and human rights strategy or action plan. It is particularly surprising given the country’s position as one of the top ten FDI host economies in the world.Footnote 2 Nevertheless, despite the current reticence on how to approach the question of business and human rights policy-wise, the judicial system of Mexico (and particularly its Supreme Court) has recently resolved some cases that clearly demonstrate the belief that corporations at least have a responsibility to respect human rights, either as a result of societal expectations or as a result of their position in society.
This note will briefly address the small preliminary steps that have been taken in domestic policy and case law, and will reflect upon possible ways forward for this topic in the country.
II. Business And Human Rights In The Domestic And Foreign Policies Of Mexico
Human rights policy in Mexico is co-ordinated through the National Human Rights Programme 2014–2018, a national strategy in force since 30 April 2014,Footnote 3 which has included for the first time a section devoted to human rights in the private sphere. The fourth objective of the Programme recognizes that to ensure and strengthen human rights protection, it is necessary to regulate the actions of private actors and to promote the development of a human rights culture in corporations or private institutions.Footnote 4
To achieve this, the Programme has established five action lines in its Strategy 4.4: (i) strengthening the mechanisms in charge of ensuring respect of human rights by corporations and the private sector; (ii) promoting that companies disseminate human rights standards and include them in their statements of principles, codes of ethics, and policies; (iii) promoting a human rights approach in corporate social responsibility; (iv) fostering that legislation that aims to regulate corporations ensures respect of human rights; and (v) collaborating with companies to raise awareness of their human rights obligations regarding their employees and customers.Footnote 5 Thus, it includes several of the policy recommendations made by the former UN Special Representative on Business and Human Rights, particularly in relation to the development of corporate human rights policies and of the state duty to protect through regulation and legislation.
Additionally, the foreign policy of Mexico in relation to business and human rights has supported the internationalization of business and human rights standards in line with the UN GPs and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Corporations, both at the universal and regional level.Footnote 6 However, despite the country’s position in multilateral organizations, the issue has not transcended the several ministries in charge of overseeing the different aspects covered by the UNGPs at the domestic level.Footnote 7 The National Human Rights Commission has not yet taken any type of action in relation to the UN GPs.Footnote 8
This potentially shows that, despite the actions of Mexico in the international arena, a lack of policy coherence and co-ordination has been an important obstacle for the adoption of a business and human rights strategy in the country. Expectations on this issue as a matter of public policy are high, particularly taking into consideration the recent reforms to the energy and telecommunications sectors, which may allow an significant number of multinational corporations to enter the Mexican market. The lack of effective regulationFootnote 9 and legislation with a human rights approach, as well as of a national strategy on business and human rights, could pose important challenges to the protection of human rights in Mexico in the face of corporate activity.
III. Relevant Case Law Dealing With Business And Human Rights
While the public policy of Mexico has not been instrumental in ensuring that the UN GPs are appropriately disseminated and implemented throughout the country, the work of the Mexican judiciary has been particularly groundbreaking.Footnote 10 Two recent casesFootnote 11 reviewed by the Mexican Supreme Court dealt with the obligation of companies to respect and comply with human rights norms.
In the first case, two plaintiffs brought an amparo Footnote 12 claim against a judicial decision in a civil case absolving a real estate development company from nullifying a purchase agreement and paying compensation for its non-compliance with the human right to adequate housing. In the civil claim and its subsequent appeals, the main argument was that the company failed to respect the specific requirements of the human right to an adequate standard of living, and in particular its housing dimension, developed in Article 11.1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, as well as through General Comment No. 4 by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,Footnote 13 giving rise to a human rights violation that would nullify the contract.
In its analysis of the claim, the Supreme Court stated that the obligation to implement adequate measures to comply with international and national human rights standards extended to the private sector participating in the development of real estate, and was not exclusive to state organs.Footnote 14 Furthermore, the Supreme Court based its argument of human rights compliance by non-state actors on the ‘basic expectation of society that corporations will abide by the applicable standards’.Footnote 15 The Court also made reference to the state duty to protect people from human rights violations by corporations, and to the latter’s responsibility to respect human rights,Footnote 16 while pointing out that compliance with human rights was not subject to the will of the parties as a result of being a public policy exception.Footnote 17 Thus, while not directly quoting the standards developed by the UN Special Representative on Business and Human Rights, the Supreme Court acknowledged that such basic social expectations on corporate conduct would require them to comply with the law and to respect human rights.Footnote 18
Mexican domestic law was changed significantly in 2013 when a new Amparo Act was passed by Congress, according to which a private person would be deemed as a ‘responsible authority whenever it performs acts equivalent to those of an authority, that affect rights as understood in this section, and whose functions are determined by a general norm’.Footnote 19 In this sense, the Amparo Act states that any legal person that through its actions or omissions affects the rights of a third party can be considered a responsible authority, and thus subject to an amparo proceeding, to stop an irreparable damage to a human right that may be affected by its actions.
A second case reviewed by the Mexican Supreme Court, which follows this line of thought, was a complaint appeal (recurso de queja)Footnote 20 filed in an amparo claim in which an indigenous community (the Hñähñu) brought a complaint against Telmex (the leading information and communications technology (ICT) service provider in the country) and the Ministry of Communications and Transport, for the alleged violation of the rights to freedom of expression, access to information, equality before the law, and the right to work,Footnote 21 as determined by the American Convention on Human Rights and its Additional Protocol. The plaintiffs argued that the company had failed to ensure the continuous and permanent provision of the telephone and internet services, while the state had failed to protect and ensure their human rights due to a lack of diligent supervision on the provision of the telecommunications services that were licensed to the private corporation.
The Court took note of the allegations by the plaintiffs stating that, as the company was in charge of the telecommunications public service (deemed a strategic field by the Constitution, which could be licensed to private companies), it could not abruptly interrupt the service provision: that action would affect the right to an adequate standard of living, unless a constitutional exception explicitly allowed it.Footnote 22 Furthermore, it highlighted the argument of the plaintiffs that the case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has enshrined the role that telecommunications have within a democracy for the exercise of the right to freedom of opinion and expression.
Through the complaint appeal submitted to the Supreme Court, Telmex fought the decision of a District Court, which allowed the lawsuit to proceed and deemed it a ‘responsible authority’. However, the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal filed by the company on the basis that it would be necessary to confront facts and evidence submitted by the parties during the trial stage to evaluate whether the actions or omissions attributed to Telmex constitute an ‘act of authority’ capable of infringing upon the human rights of the Hñähñü.Footnote 23
In the first instance,Footnote 24 the District Court hearing the amparo claim determined that the company had unilaterally suspended the service provision to some of the plaintiffs (translating therefore into a violation of their human rights, which would have entailed a reparation of the inflicted damages), and that the state had failed to protect the human rights of the Hñähñü by not appropriately overseeing the activities of the corporation.Footnote 25 Nevertheless, as a result of the reinstatement of the service by the company during the proceedings, the court dismissed the claim.
However, it is particularly relevant that the District Court decided not to analyse whether Telmex could be considered a ‘responsible authority’ in the case,Footnote 26 even more so due to the fact that the review filed by the plaintiffs and by one of the state authorities against the judgment of the District Court rests precisely on that aspect. The Collegiate Tribunal hearing the review, however, transferred the case to the Supreme Court, asking it to determine (i) the scope of Article 5-II of the Amparo Act (whereby a non-state actor may be deemed as a responsible authority), (ii) to set forth the criterion to be applied to determine whether an amparo claim may proceed in cases where the acts of private entities have negative impacts upon human rights, and (iii) to determine if private parties providing public services can violate the human rights of their stakeholders, and thus if such actions are susceptible of being claimed through an amparo lawsuit.Footnote 27 While still under consideration, there is a high probability that the Mexican Supreme Court will uphold its decision which states that corporations have obligations not to infringe upon the human rights of others, and build upon its previous case law on this subject.
Two interesting developments can be observed from these cases, both of a horizontal and vertical nature: first, in Mexico, corporations have a legal responsibility to respect human rights within their business agreements, not just as a basic expectation of society, but as a matter of public policy; this implies that human rights are to be observed whenever a contract is concluded by two parties, regardless of the horizontal nature of the business relationship. Second, whenever a corporation impacts on human rights through its actions or omissions regardless of its private nature, it can be held responsible, in Mexico, for the human rights violation in addition to the state organ in charge of ensuring the protection of human rights.
IV. A Way Forward?
If the development of a domestic public policy on business and human rights in Mexico has been practically non-existent to date, cases resolved by the Supreme Court provide interesting examples of the progressive application of human rights standards to corporations. The development of case law on the horizontal application of human rights to corporate activities, as well as the establishment of a public policy exception based on the universality of human rights, directly contribute to the solidification of standards that are intrinsically compatible with the spirit of the UN GPs.
Despite this, it is important and necessary that Mexico develops a domestic agenda on business and human rights soon. Different constitutional and legal reforms that have been adopted or that are currently under discussion (such as the privatization of water under the proposed General Water Bill, the reform of the energy sector allowing participation of multinational corporations, and the openness of the ICT sector) may pose a direct threat to the protection of human rights, particularly if the government does not have clear guidelines on its obligations and methods of enforcement against private actors. Having a national action plan will not necessarily solve all the issues of this complex field, but may at least provide a baseline from which the state may act to comply with its international human rights obligations, and to ensure that corporations respect human rights.
