Introduction
Since the introduction of organ preservation for advanced laryngeal cancer, it has been debated which primary treatment modality, larynx preserving (chemo)radiotherapy (i.e. radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy) or larynx sacrificing surgery, results in a superior clinical outcome.Reference Forastiere, Weber and Trotti1–Reference Patel, Qureshi, Dyer, Jalisi, Grillone and Truong4 Studies showed that patients with locally advanced laryngeal carcinomas, staged as T3 or T4, can be treated with (chemo)radiotherapy to preserve the larynx without compromising survival.Reference Forastiere, Ismaila, Lewin, Nathan, Adelstein and Eisbruch5 However, patients who present with impaired swallowing and/or airway obstruction, and in whom a functional larynx after treatment is not expected by a multidisciplinary team (MDT), total laryngectomy should be performed.Reference Forastiere, Ismaila, Lewin, Nathan, Adelstein and Eisbruch5 In contrast to these studies, the current National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines advises treating all T4a tumours with total laryngectomy.Reference Haddad, Hicks, Hitchcock, Jimeno, Leizman and Maghami6
In our institution, the choice of primary treatment for T3 or T4 laryngeal cancer is based on MDT advice, which considers N classification and the estimated functionality of the larynx after definitive (chemo)radiotherapy. It should be emphasised that it is the expected laryngeal function, rather than the T classification, that is critical in the decision to refer a patient for laryngeal preservation treatment or laryngectomy. Currently, there is a lack of recent data about oncological and functional outcomes in laryngeal cancer patients treated with such an approach.
Most studies of the optimal treatment strategy for advanced laryngeal cancer focus on overall survival.Reference Tang, Gong, Wang, Li, He and Liu7 However, laryngeal cancer patients are prone to co-morbidities and other malignancies, therefore disease-specific survival provides better insights regarding oncological outcome after treatment for laryngeal cancer.Reference Gao, Fisher, Mohideen and Emami8 Functional outcomes after larynx preserving treatment are often evaluated by anatomical larynx preservation. However, functional larynx preservation would provide better indirect insight into quality of life over time.Reference Murphy, Ridner, Wells and Dietrich9 The combined data of disease-specific survival and functional larynx preservation of a recently treated cohort could reveal possible progress in the treatment of advanced laryngeal cancer.
This retrospective study aimed to provide updated laryngeal cancer treatment results by investigating both oncological and functional outcomes of patients with a T3 or T4 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, diagnosed and treated between 2010 and 2018, and recently treated by (chemo)radiotherapy or total laryngectomy. The choice of treatment was based on an MDT meeting that estimated laryngeal function after definitive (chemo)radiotherapy.
Methods
Patients
This retrospective cohort contained 200 consecutive patients treated with curative intent for a T3 or T4 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in a single tertiary referral centre at the Head and Neck Cancer Centre of the University Medical Centre Groningen between 2010 and 2018. Follow up continued until March 2021.
All patients were discussed in an MDT meeting (involving dedicated head and neck oncologic surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, pathologists, (nuclear medicine) radiologists, nurses and dentists) to select the treatment of choice, based on estimated laryngeal function definitive (chemo)radiotherapy. The estimated post-treatment laryngeal function was based on signs of aspiration, dysphagia, stridor and tumour involvement in the laryngeal skeleton before treatment. Aspiration was assessed by swallowing water with or without methylene blue, or, in cases of doubt, swallowing and aspiration were evaluated by videofluorography. However, T3 or T4 classification itself did not determine the choice of treatment.
The advice of the MDT was extensively discussed with each patient and his/her family by the head and neck oncological surgeon, a dedicated nurse and a speech pathologist, and additional information regarding chemotherapy and radiotherapy was provided by radiation and medical oncologists. Most patients received additional (comprehensive) geriatric assessment. Patients could give informed consent at least a week after receiving all the information.
Eleven patients were excluded for the following reasons: died before treatment (one patient), died during radiotherapy (four patients), received cetuximab instead of chemotherapy (four patients), could not undergo post-operative radiotherapy (one patient) or lost to follow up (one patient).
The following variables were registered: age, sex, date of diagnosis, date of first treatment, last date of follow up, tumour–node–metastasis staging according to the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging Manual (2009), treatment characteristics, follow-up status, tumour location, American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification, laryngeal function (i.e. tracheostomy and/or feeding tube dependency at date of last follow up) and, if applicable, salvage surgery.
Based on Dutch medical research law (Wet Medisch-Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek met mensen), our Institutional Review Board concluded that this retrospective study (202200055) fulfilled all the requirements and was in accordance with the regulations.
Treatment
Patients received standardised treatment regimens, but some variation within this treatment regimen was inevitable. In summary, laryngectomy, with or without additional neck dissection, was performed under general anaesthesia by dedicated and registered head and neck oncological surgeons. Patients who were treated with primary radiotherapy received a total dose of 70 Gy (in 35 fractions of 2.00 Gy) to the primary tumour and pathological lymph nodes. A bilateral elective dose of 35 × 1.55 Gy (total dose of 54.25 Gy) was given to cervical lymph node levels II, III and IV. In the case of pathological lymph nodes, more lymph node levels received an elective dose. Radiotherapy, using an intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique, was prepared by using planning computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and/or 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography of the head and neck region in radiotherapy positioning.
All patients had an indication for post-operative radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) after total laryngectomy. Thirty-three fractions of 2.0 Gy (total dose 66.0 Gy) or 28 fractions of 2.0 Gy (total dose 56.0 Gy) were delivered to the primary tumour, depending on tumour-free margins and the presence of adverse prognostic factors (perineural growth, lymph- and/or angio invasion and spidery growth). An elective dose of 33 fractions of 1.6 Gy (total dose 52.8 Gy) was delivered to cervical lymph node levels II, III and IV in cases of N0 (i.e. without lymph node metastases). In cases of lymph node metastases (N+), more lymph node levels received an elective dose. In the case of lymph node metastases with extra nodal spread, the total dose to these lymph node areas was 33 × 2.0 Gy (total dose 66.0 Gy). Lymph node metastases without extranodal spread were treated with a 56 Gy equivalent dose (i.e. 28 × 2 Gy or 33 × 1.8 Gy).
Chemotherapy consisted of three cycles of cisplatin (100 mg/m2) or carboplatin (300–350 mg/m2) with 5-fluor-uracil (5-FU; 600 mg/m2 as a continuous infusion for 96 hours) in a three-week cycle. Chemotherapy was considered for patients younger than 70 years with nodal involvement or large T3 or T4 tumours. Post-operative chemoradiotherapy was considered for patients with extranodal extension or resections with no clear margins. A speech pathologist treated each patient after total laryngectomy and patients with speaking or swallowing problems after (chemo)radiotherapy.
Statistical analysis
For statistical analysis, patients were divided into three treatment groups: (1) radiotherapy (RT), (2) chemoradiotherapy or (3) total laryngectomy with post-operative (chemo)radiotherapy. In every survival analysis primary RT was used as the reference category. N classifications were grouped into (1) N0 and (2) N+ (containing N1, N2 and N3). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the patient cohort. Pearson chi-square and the Mann–Whitney U-test were used to compare the baseline characteristics of the treatment groups.
The primary endpoints of this study were disease-specific survival and overall survival. Disease-specific survival was defined as the time from start of first therapy until death due to laryngeal cancer or treatment-related death. All other cases were censored at the date of other cause of death or the date of the last follow up. Overall survival was defined as the time from start of first therapy until death from any cause. All other cases were censored at the date of the last follow up.
Secondary endpoints were larynx preservation and functional larynx preservation. Larynx preservation was defined as the time from start of first therapy until total laryngectomy. Functional larynx preservation was defined from start of first therapy until date of local recurrence or total laryngectomy, at any time, or tracheostomy and/or feeding tube dependency, two years after therapy.
The Kaplan–Meier method was used for assessment of survival rates and survival curves. Cox regression was used for univariate and multivariate analysis of disease-specific survival, overall survival, larynx preservation and functional larynx preservation. Univariate statistically significant variables and treatment modalities were included in the multivariate analysis using a significance level of 5 per cent (two-tailed). Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23 for Microsoft Windows (SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA) and StataCorp 2009 Stata Statistical Software, Release 11 (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA). Figures were drawn using GraphPad Prism (v9.3.1, GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California, United States).
Results
In total, 189 patients were included, of whom 130 (69 per cent) were registered with a T3 tumour and 59 (31 per cent) were registered with a T4 tumour (Table 1). Of all the included patients, 104 (55 per cent) were registered with a supraglottic carcinoma, 71 (37 per cent) with a glottic carcinoma, 5 (3 per cent) with a subglottic carcinoma and 9 (5 per cent) with a transglottic carcinoma. Patient and tumour characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Patient and tumour characteristics for the treatment regimens RT, CRT and TL, including age, gender, T classification, N classification, American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification, tumour location (i.e. supraglottic, glottic, subglottic or transglottic) and total radiotherapy dose (Gy, post-operative patient usually received 56 or 66 Gy)
Values in bold are statistically significant. Abbreviations: RT radiotherapy, CRT chemoradiotherapy, TL total laryngectomy; IQR = interquartile range; Gy Gray
Treatment regimens
Patients were treated with primary RT in 107 cases (57 per cent), chemoradiation in 36 cases (19 per cent) and total laryngectomy in 46 cases (24 per cent). Ten per cent (13 out of 130) of T3 staged tumours were treated with total laryngectomy, compared with 56 per cent (33 out of 59) of T4 staged tumours (p < 0.01).
The treatment groups differed significantly in age, T classification, N classification, tumour location and American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification (Table 1). Patients in the chemoradiation group were younger (median age, 60.6 years) than patients in the RT (median age, 66.8 years) or total laryngectomy (median age, 66.3 years) groups. The total laryngectomy group included more patients with T4 tumours than the RT and chemoradiation groups. The chemoradiation and total laryngectomy groups comprised more patients with lymph node metastasis compared with the RT group. Patients treated by chemoradiotherapy had significantly more American Society of Anaesthesiologists 2 classifications compared with the RT and total laryngectomy groups. The RT-treated group contained more glottic tumours and fewer N+ cases compared with the chemoradiation group or the total laryngectomy groups.
Disease-specific survival and overall survival
Of the 189 patients, 102 (54 per cent) survived, 37 (19 per cent) died of laryngeal carcinoma, 42 (22 per cent) died of other causes and 8 (4 per cent) were lost to follow up. Of the 8 patients of 70 years or older with N+ disease (i.e. an indication for chemotherapy in younger patients), 6 received radiotherapy without chemotherapy and 3 died of disease. Two of the older patients who were judged fit for chemotherapy had no evidence of disease during follow up (p > 0.05). Of the 20 patients younger than 70 years of age, 17 received chemotherapy (4 died of disease) and 3 were judged not fit for chemotherapy, 2 of whom died of disease during follow up (p > 0.05).
The median follow-up time was 41.9 months (range, 3–124). The 5-year disease-specific survival rate after RT was 83 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval (CI), 83–91 per cent), after chemoradiation was 78 per cent (95 per cent CI, 60–96 per cent) and after total laryngectomy was 69 per cent (95 per cent CI, 55–83 per cent) (Figure 1a). The 5-year overall survival rates were 62 per cent (95 per cent CI, 52–72 per cent) for RT, 54 per cent (95 per cent CI, 34–74 per cent) for chemoradiation and 60 per cent (95 per cent CI, 44–76 per cent) for total laryngectomy (Figure 1b).
Figure 1. Kaplan–Meier curves for (a) DSS and (b) OS for each treatment regimen and (c) DSS and (d) OS for T3 and T4 staged tumours. DSS = disease-specific survival; RT = radiotherapy; CRT = chemoradiotherapy; TL = total laryngectomy; OS = overall survival
There was no significant difference in disease-specific survival (p = 0.387) or overall survival (p = 0.748) rates between any of the treatment groups. Five years after treatment, the disease-specific survival rate was 80 per cent (95 per cent CI, 72–88 per cent) for T3 and 75 per cent (95 per cent CI, 63–87 per cent) for T4 staged tumours, whereas the 5-year overall survival rate was 60 per cent (95 per cent CI, 50–70 per cent) for T3 and 59 per cent (95 per cent CI, 45–73 per cent) for T4 staged tumours (Figure 1c,d). There was no significant difference in disease-specific survival (p = 0.752) or overall survival (p = 0.920) rates between patients with T3 or T4 laryngeal carcinomas.
Larynx preservation and functional larynx preservation
Out of a total of 189 patients with a T3 or T4 laryngeal carcinoma, larynx preservation was achieved in 62 per cent and functional larynx preservation was achieved in 50 per cent at 5 years after treatment. Of the 143 patients who underwent larynx preserving treatment, the 5-year larynx preservation rate was 81 per cent (95 per cent CI, 73–89 per cent) and the 5-year functional larynx preservation rate was 65 per cent (95 per cent CI, 57–73 per cent). As shown in Figure 2a, the 5-year larynx preservation rates for the RT and chemoradiation groups were 79 per cent (95 per cent CI, 71–87 per cent) and 86 per cent (95 per cent CI, 74–98 per cent), respectively.
Figure 2. Kaplan–Meier curves for (a) LP and (b) FLP for RT and CRT. LP = larynx preservation; RT = radiotherapy; CRT = chemoradiation; FLP = functional larynx preservation
Five years after treatment, the functional larynx preservation rate was 66 per cent (95 per cent CI, 56–76 per cent) for RT-treated patients and 62 per cent (95 per cent CI, 46–78 per cent) for chemoradiotherapy-treated patients (Figure 2b). In patients with T3 stage tumours, the 5-year larynx preservation and functional larynx preservation rates were 83 per cent (95 per cent CI, 75–91 per cent) and 66 per cent (95 per cent CI, 56–76 per cent), respectively, and in patients with T4 stage tumours the 5-year larynx preservation and functional larynx preservation rates were 72 per cent (95 per cent CI, 52–92 per cent) and 58 per cent (95 per cent CI, 36–80 per cent), respectively.
Failure of functional larynx preserving treatment
Failure of functional larynx preservation treatment occurred in 32 out of 107 patients (29.9 per cent) who received RT and in 13 out of 36 patients (36.1 per cent) who received chemoradiation. In 32 out of 45 of these cases (71 per cent), patients had a local recurrence, 8 out of 45 patients (18 per cent) were feeding tube dependent, 10 out of 45 (22 per cent) had a persistent tracheostomy and 3 (7 per cent) had a life-threatening non-functional larynx after RT. Of the 32 patients with a local recurrence, 24 were initially treated with RT (75 per cent) and 8 with chemoradiation (25 per cent). A salvage laryngectomy could be performed in 20 patients. The other 12 patients did not undergo salvage surgery because the tumour was inoperable because of gross tumour extension (n = 4) or proven distant metastasis (n = 2), the patient died (n = 2), the patient decided not to have surgery (n = 2) or the patient had a poor condition (n = 2).
Predictors of disease-specific survival and overall survival
Apart from N classification and American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification, no other significant predictors for disease-specific survival and overall survival were identified using univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that the only independent predictive factor for worse disease-specific survival was N+ (p = 0.002; Table 2). Patients diagnosed with N+ and patients with an American Society of Anaesthesiologists 4 score had significantly worse overall survival rates, with p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively (Table 2).
Table 2. Multivariate analyses for disease-specific survival and overall survival
Variables included in the analysis were treatment regimen (i.e. radiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy and total laryngectomy), ASA classification and N classification. HR = hazard ratio; CI = confidence interval; ASA = American Society of Anaesthesiologists
Discussion
Our study shows that larynx preserving treatment and larynx sacrificing treatment yield high rates of both disease-specific survival and overall survival in T3 or T4 laryngeal cancer patients. In contrast to previous studies, our study shows that oncological outcome did not significantly differ between patients treated with radiotherapy, chemoradiotherapy or total laryngectomy, nor between T3 and T4 laryngeal cancer patients.Reference Tang, Gong, Wang, Li, He and Liu7 More than 80 per cent of the patients treated with (chemo)radiotherapy achieved anatomical larynx preservation, while two-thirds of larynx preservation patients had a functional larynx 5 years after treatment.
Our results suggest that oncological and functional outcomes in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas may have improved over the past decade. This could be explained by improved treatment regimens and discussing the potential chance of a functional larynx after definitive (chemo)radiotherapy for each patient in an MDT, resulting in better patient selection for larynx preservation. In addition, MDT-guided treatment selection is associated with better survival rates and has been recently recommended.Reference Pan, Kung, Wang, Chang, Wang and Tsai10–Reference Takes, Halmos, Ridge, Bossi, Merkx and Rinaldo12 During an MDT meeting, the patient's general condition and comorbidities are taken into account when considering treatment.Reference Friedland, Bozic, Dewar, Kuan, Meyer and Phillips11
In recent decades, multiple studies have focussed on overall survival, demonstrating controversial results.Reference Tang, Gong, Wang, Li, He and Liu7 The majority of the studies showed favourable outcomes for total laryngectomy for T4 laryngeal cancer, but for T3 tumours the choice of treatment did not seem to influence overall survival.Reference Tang, Gong, Wang, Li, He and Liu7,Reference Grover, Swisher-Mcclure, Mitra, Li, Cohen and Ahn13,Reference Dziegielewski, O'Connell, Klein, Fung, Singh and Mlynarek14 For the last 10 years, only a few studies have focused on disease-specific survival as the main indicator of oncological outcome.Reference Tang, Gong, Wang, Li, He and Liu7 The study by Lorenzo et al. showed similar findings in T3 laryngeal cancer, but detected lower disease-specific survival rates (RT 66.1 per cent and chemoradiation 71.6 per cent) for larynx preservation than our study for T3 and T4 combined (RT 83 per cent and chemoradiation 77 per cent).Reference García Lorenzo, Montoro Martínez, Rigo Quera, Codina Aroca, López Vilas and Quer Agustí15 In a meta-analysis, also combining T3 and T4 laryngeal carcinomas, total laryngectomy was found to be superior to larynx preservation with regard to disease-specific survival.Reference Tang, Gong, Wang, Li, He and Liu7 However, this meta-analysis is characterised by heterogeneity and 2 out of the 4 included studies were conducted before 2000, therefore they did not include recent improvements in radiotherapy and patient selection for larynx preservation.Reference Chen, Fedewa and Zhu3,Reference Tang, Gong, Wang, Li, He and Liu7,Reference Dietz, Wiegand, Kuhnt and Wichmann16
Our study shows that functional larynx preservation rates are substantially lower than larynx preservation rates, therefore using just larynx preservation as a marker for successful therapy would result in overestimation of functional outcomes. As a non-functional larynx negatively affects quality of life, functional larynx preservation is a better readout for functional outcome.Reference Forastiere, Weber and Trotti1,Reference Murphy, Ridner, Wells and Dietrich9,Reference Terrell, Fisher and Wolf17 A nationwide Dutch study showed larynx preservation rates in line with our study, ranging from 77 to 87 per cent, with a trend favouring chemoradiation.Reference Timmermans, van Dijk, Overbeek, van Velthuysen, van Tinteren and Hilgers18 Results from a study by Rosenthal et al. showed that larynx preservation in T4 laryngeal cancer patients resulted in 5 years of freedom from local recurrence–tracheostomy–gastrostomy rate of 50 per cent, which is comparable to the 58 per cent for 5-year functional larynx preservation found in the present study.Reference Rosenthal, Mohamed, Weber, Garden, Sevak and Kies19
• There is still a debate whether larynx preserving (chemo)radiotherapy results in superior clinical outcome compared with larynx sacrificing surgery
• Decisions on treatment of T3 and T4 laryngeal carcinoma can also be determined by the expected laryngeal and pharyngeal function after (chemo)radiotherapy
• No differences in disease-specific survival and overall survival were observed after a weighted choice for a larynx preserving or sacrificing treatment based on expected laryngeal function after definitive (chemo)radiotherapy
• The 5-year larynx preservation after (chemo)radiotherapy for T3/T4 laryngeal carcinoma was 80 per cent with a functional larynx in 65 per cent
• Only 19 per cent of the patients died of T3-T4 laryngeal cancer and 54 per cent of the patients were alive after 5 years
According to the institutional practice covered in this study, patients above 70 years of age do not receive chemotherapy, based on the results of the meta-analysis of Pignon et al.,Reference Pignon, Maître, Maillard and Bourhis20 therefore chemoradiation patients are significantly younger and have a lower American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification than patients who only received radiotherapy. Also, T4 stage tumours are more likely to cause laryngeal dysfunction and are therefore treated more often with total laryngectomy. This could result in worse survival rates for total laryngectomy patients compared with chemoradiation patients. Another limitation of this study is the limited number of patients in the total laryngectomy and chemoradiation groups, which meant it was not possible to perform a valid subgroup analysis.
Conclusion
Current treatment regimens based on estimated laryngeal function after definitive (chemo)radiotherapy, continues to improve disease-specific survival and overall survival rates in T3 or T4 laryngeal cancer patients. No differences in disease-specific survival and overall survival rates were observed between (chemo)radiotherapy and total laryngectomy treatments. Five years after primary (chemo)radiotherapy, two-thirds of patients had a functional larynx.
Competing interests
Boudewijn EC Plaat has a consultancy role for and has received research funding from Olympus Medical Systems EU
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