Evaluation of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Response to Herbicides Using Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Imagery

Abstract

Water hyacinth is a highly invasive, aquatic species in the southern US that requires intensive management through frequent herbicide applications to minimize harmful impacts. Quantifying management success in large-scale operations is challenging with traditional survey methods, which rely on boat-based teams and can be time-consuming and labor-intensive. In contrast, unmanned aerial systems allow a single operator to survey a waterbody more efficiently and rapidly, enhancing both coverage and data collection. Therefore, the objective of this research was to develop remote sensing techniques to assess herbicide efficacy for water hyacinth control in an outdoor mesocosm study. Experiments were conducted in spring and summer 2023 to compare and correlate data from visual evaluations of herbicide efficacy against nine vegetation indices (VIs) derived from unmanned aerial system (UAS)-based red-green-blue (RGB) imagery. Penoxsulam, carfentrazone, diquat, 2,4-D, florpyrauxifen-benzyl, and glyphosate were applied at two rates, and experimental units were evaluated for six weeks. The Carotenoid Reflectance Index (CRI) had the highest Spearman’s correlation coefficient with visually evaluated efficacy for 2,4-D, diquat, and florpyrauxifen benzyl (> -0.77). The Visible Atmospherically Resistance Index (VARI) had the highest correlation for carfentrazone and penoxsulam treatments (> -0.70), and the EXGR Excess Greenness Minus Redness Index had the highest correlation for glyphosate treatments (> -0.83). CRI had the highest correlation coefficient with the most herbicide treatments, and it was the only VI tested that did not include the red band. These vegetation indices were satisfactory predictors of mid-range visually evaluated herbicide efficacy values but were poorly correlated with extremely low and high values, corresponding to non-treated and necrotic plants. Future research should focus on applying findings to real-world (non-experimental) field conditions and testing imagery with spectral bands beyond the visible range.