Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-q99xh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T13:54:54.307Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Revenge: An adaptive system for maximizing fitness, or a proximate calculation arising from personality and social-psychological processes?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2012

Michael Potegal*
Affiliation:
Division of Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455. [email protected]

Abstract

Revenge appears among a “suite” of social interactions that includes competition, alliance building (a prerequisite for tribal revenge raids), and so forth. Rather than a modular “system” directly reflecting evolutionary fitness constraints, revenge may be (another) social cost-benefit calculation involving potential or actual aggression and proximately controlled by individual personality characteristics and beliefs that can work against fitness.

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2013

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adinkrah, M. (2011) Child witch hunts in contemporary Ghana. Child Abuse and Neglect 35:741–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beckerman, S., Erickson P. I., Yost, J., Regalado, J., Jaramillo, L., Sparks, C., Iromenga, M. & Long, K. (2009) Life histories, blood revenge, and reproductive success among the Waorani of Ecuador. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences USA 106:8134–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benenson, J. F., Carder, H. P. & Geib-Cole, S. J. (2008) The development of boys' preferential pleasure in physical aggression. Aggressive Behavior 34:154–66.Google Scholar
Boster, J. S., Yost, J. & Catherine Peeke, C. (2004) Rage, revenge, and religion: Honest signaling of aggression and nonaggression in Waorani coalitional violence. Ethos 31:471–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buford, B. (1992) Among the thugs: The experience, and seduction, of crowd violence. W. W. Norton. (Original Vintage edition published in 1990).Google Scholar
Federici, S. (2010) Women, witch-hunting and enclosures in Africa today. Sozial.Geschichte Online 3(Suppl.):1027. Available at: http://www.stiftung-sozialgeschichte.deGoogle Scholar
Giesbrecht, G. F., Miller, M. R. & Muller, U. (2010) The anger-distress model of temper tantrums: Associations with emotional reactivity and emotional competence. Infant and Child Development 19:478–97.Google Scholar
Graham, K. & Wells, S. (2003) ‘Somebody's Gonna get their head kicked in tonight!’ Aggression among young males in bars-a question of values? The British Journal of Criminology 43:546–66.Google Scholar
Green, J. A., Whitney, P. G. & Potegal, M. (2011) Screaming, yelling, whining, and crying: Categorical and intensity differences in vocal expressions of anger and sadness in children's tantrums. Emotion 11:1124–33.Google Scholar
Ingle, D. (2004) Recreational fighting. In: Encyclopedia of recreation and leisure in America, vol. 2, ed. Cross, G. S., pp. 198200. Scribner.Google Scholar
Knauft, B. M. (1987) Reconsidering violence in simple human societies: Homicide among the Gebusi of New Guinea. Current Anthropology 28:457500.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
May, M. E. & Kennedy, C. H. (2009) Aggression as positive reinforcement in mice under various ratio-and time-based reinforcement schedules. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior 91:185–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nell, V. (2006) Cruelty's rewards: The gratifications of perpetrators and spectators. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29:211–57.Google Scholar
Potegal, M. (2000) Post tantrum affiliation with parents: The ontogeny of reconciliation. In: Natural conflict resolution, ed. Aureli, F. & de Waal, F. B. M., pp. 253–55. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Potegal, M. (2010) The temporal dynamics of anger: Phenomena, processes and perplexities. In: International handbook of anger, ed. Potegal, M., Stemmler, G. & Spielberger, C., pp. 385401. Springer.Google Scholar
Potegal, M., Carlson, G., Margulies, D., Gutkovitch, Z. & Wall, M. (2009) Rages or temper tantrums? The behavioral organization, temporal characteristics, and clinical significance of angry-agitated outbursts in child psychiatry inpatients. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 40:621–36.Google Scholar
Potegal, M. & Davidson, R. J. (1997) Young children's post tantrum affiliation with their parents. Aggressive Behavior 23:329–42. (Special Issue on Appeasement and Reconciliation).Google Scholar
Potegal, M. & Davidson, R. J. (2003) Temper tantrums in young children: 1. Behavioral composition. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 24:140–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Potegal, M., Kosorok, M. R. & Davidson, R. J. (2003) Temper tantrums in young children: II. Tantrum duration and temporal organization. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 24:148–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramírez, J. M., Bonniot-Cabanac, M.-C. & Cabanac, M. (2005) Can impulsive aggression provide pleasure? European Psychologist 10:449–72.Google Scholar
Tripp, T. M. & Bies, R. J. (2010) “Righteous” anger and revenge in the workplace: The fantasies, the feuds, the forgiveness. In: International handbook of anger, ed. Potegal, M., Stemmler, G. & Spielberger, C., pp. 413–31. Springer.Google Scholar
UNICEF Report (2010) Children accused of witchcraft: An anthropological study of contemporary practices in Africa. Report published by United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, April 2010.Google Scholar