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Involvement of l(–)-rhamnose in sea urchin gastrulation. Part II: α-l-Rhamnosidase

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 July 2015

Jing Liang ,
Heghush Aleksanyan ,
Stan Metzenberg  and
Steven B. Oppenheimer
Jing Liang
Affiliation:
Department of Biology and Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology, California State University, Northridge, California 91330–8303, USA.
Heghush Aleksanyan
Affiliation:
Department of Biology and Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology, California State University, Northridge, California 91330–8303, USA.
Stan Metzenberg
Affiliation:
Department of Biology and Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology, California State University, Northridge, California 91330–8303, USA.
Steven B. Oppenheimer*
Affiliation:
Department of Biology and Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology, California State University, Northridge. 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California 91330–8303, USA. Department of Biology and Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology, California State University, Northridge, California 91330–8303, USA.
*
All correspondence to Steven B. Oppenheimer, Department of Biology and Center for Cancer and Developmental Biology, California State University, Northridge. 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, California 91330–8303, USA. Tel: +1 818 677 3336. Fax: +1 818 677-2034. Email: [email protected]
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Summary

The sea urchin embryo is recognized as a model system to reveal developmental mechanisms involved in human health and disease. In Part I of this series, six carbohydrates were tested for their effects on gastrulation in embryos of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus. Only l-rhamnose caused dramatic increases in the numbers of unattached archenterons and exogastrulated archenterons in living, swimming embryos. It was found that at 30 h post-fertilization the l-rhamnose had an unusual inverse dose-dependent effect, with low concentrations (1–3 mM) interfering with development and higher concentrations (30 mM) having little to no effect on normal development. In this study, embryos were examined for inhibition of archenteron development after treatment with α-l-rhamnosidase, an endoglycosidase that removes terminal l-rhamnose sugars from glycans. It was observed that the enzyme had profound effects on gastrulation, an effect that could be suppressed by addition of l-rhamnose as a competitive inhibitor. The involvement of l-rhamnose-containing glycans in sea urchin gastrulation was unexpected, since there are no characterized biosynthetic pathways for rhamnose utilization in animals. It is possible there exists a novel l-rhamnose-containing glycan in sea urchins, or that the enzyme and sugar interfere with the function of rhamnose-binding lectins, which are components of the innate immune system in many vertebrate and invertebrate species.

Keywords

Archenteron developmentInnate immunityl-rhamnoseRhamnose-binding lectinα-l-RhamnosidaseSea urchin gastrulation
Type
Research Article
Information
Zygote , Volume 24 , Issue 3 , June 2016 , pp. 371 - 377
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015 

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