Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-mlc7c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T04:22:21.411Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Physiological roles of avian eyes in light perception and their responses to photoperiodicity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 June 2016

I.C. EGBUNIWE  and
J.O. AYO
I.C. EGBUNIWE*
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
J.O. AYO
Affiliation:
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

The eye is a vital sense organ under neuro endocrine regulation in order to allow sight in the bird. It responds to light stimulus and photoperiodicity of the environment of the birds, where they are reared. The effects of photo stimulation are mediated via the various components of the eye. The physiologic roles of avian eyes have been under-utilised in poultry management to enhance production and consequently, economic efficiency of the birds. Regulatory mechanisms of avian eyes’ function, response of components to photo stimulation and utilisation of photoperiod to enhance production in poultry have been reviewed. In conclusion, avian eyes respond to light stimulation and photoperiod, and these responses may be utilised for commercial poultry production in terms of eggs and meat, as well as for improving the welfare of the birds.

Keywords

avianeyeslight perceptionphotoperiodicity
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 72 , Issue 3 , September 2016 , pp. 605 - 614
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

ABREU, V.M.N., DE ABREU, P.G., COLDEBELLA, A., JAENISCH, F.R.F., DOS SANTOS FILHO, J.I. and DE PAIVA, D.P. (2011) Curtain color and lighting program in broiler production: I – general performance. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 40 (9): 026-034.Google Scholar
AMAKIRI, A.O., OWEN, O.J. and ETOKEREN, E.S. (2011) Broiler chicken's growth rate in three different nocturnal lighting regimes. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 11 (5): 1-8.Google Scholar
ARCHANA, J. (2012) Studies on production performance of layers supplemented with dietary melatonin. Indian Journal of Poultry Science 47 (3): 345-347.Google Scholar
ASHBY, R., OHLENDORF, A. and SCHAEFFEL, F. (2009) The effect of ambient illuminance on the development of deprivation myopia in chicks. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 50 (11): 5348-5354.Google Scholar
BALLA, G.F. and BALTHAZART, F. (2004) Hormonal regulation of brain circuits mediating male sexual behavior in birds. Physiology and Behaviour 83: 329-334.Google Scholar
BASSNETT, S., SHI, Y. and VRENSEN, G.F.J. (2011) Biological glass: structural determinants of eye lens transparency. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences 366 (1568): 1250-1264.Google Scholar
BLATCHFORD, R.A., ARCHER, G.S. and MENCH, J.A. (2012) Contrast in light intensity, rather than day length, influences the behavior and health of broiler chickens. Poultry Science 91 (8): 1768-1774.Google Scholar
BONILHA, V.L. (2014) Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cytoskeleton in vivo and in vitro: review. Experimental Eye Research 126: 38-45.Google Scholar
CHOWDHURY, V.S., YAMAMOTO, K., UBUKA, T., BENTLEY, G.E., HATTORI, A. and TSUTSUI, K. (2010) Melatonin stimulates the release of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone by the avian hypothalamus. Endocrinology 151 (1): 271-280.Google Scholar
CHOWDHURY, V.S., UBUKA, T. and TSUTSUIB, K. (2013) Melatonin stimulates the synthesis and release of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone in birds: review. General and Comparative Endocrinology 181: 175-178.Google Scholar
DEEP, A., SCHWEAN-LARDNER, K., CROWE, T.G., FANCHER, B.I. and CLASSEN, H.L. (2012) Effect of light intensity on broiler behaviour and diurnal rhythms. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 136 (1): 50-56.Google Scholar
DELHEY, K., HALL, M., KINGMA, S.A. and PETERS, A. (2012) Increased conspicuousness can explain the match between visual sensitivities and blue plumage colours in fairy-wrens. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280: 1750-1771.Google Scholar
FALCÓN, J., BESSEAU, L., FUENTÈS, M., SAUZET, S., MAGNANOU, E. and BOEUF, G. (2009) Structural and functional evolution of the pineal melatonin system in vertebrates. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1163: 101-111.Google Scholar
FELDKAEMPER, M. and SCHAEFFEL, F. (2013) An updated view on the role of dopamine in myopia. Experimental Eye Research 114: 106-111.Google Scholar
FERNÁNDEZ-JURICIC, E. (2012) Sensory basis of vigilance behavior in birds: synthesis and future prospects. Behavioural Processes 89 (2): 143-152.Google Scholar
FIROUZI, S., NAZARPAK, H.H., HABIBI, H., JALALI, S.S., NABIZADEH, Y., REZAEE, F., ARDALI, R. and MARZBAN, M. (2014) Effects of color lights on performance, immune response and hematological indices of broilers. Journal of World's Poultry Research 4 (2): 52-55.Google Scholar
FISCHER, A.J., BONGINI, R., BASTAKI, N. and SHERWOOD, P. (2011) The maturation of photoreceptors in the avian retina is stimulated by thyroid hormone. Neuroscience 178: 250-260.Google Scholar
GARLIPP, M.A. and GONZALEZ-FERNANDEZA, F. (2013) Cone outer segment and Müller microvilli pericellular matrices provide binding domains for interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). Experimental Eye Research 113: 192-202.Google Scholar
GOLDSMITH, T.H. (2013) Evolutionary tinkering with visual photoreception. Visual Neuroscience 30: 21-37.Google Scholar
GOUS, R.M. and CHERRY, P. (2004) Effects of body weight at, and lighting regimen and growth curve to, 20 weeks on laying performance in broiler breeders. British Poultry Science 45 (4): 445-452.Google Scholar
GROCOTT, T., JOHNSON, S., BAILEY, A.P. and STREIT, A. (2011) Neural crest cells organize the eye via TGF-β and canonical Wnt signalling. Nature Communications 2 (4): 265.Google Scholar
HESTER, P.Y., WILSON, D.A., SETTAR, P., ARANGO, J.A. and O'SULLIVAN, N.P. (2011) Effect of lighting programs during the pullet phase on skeletal integrity of egg-laying strains of chickens. Poultry Science 90 (8): 1645-1651.Google Scholar
IKEGAMI, K., KATOU, Y., HIGASHI, K. and YOSHIMURA, T. (2009) Localisation of circadian clock protein BMAL1 in the photoperiodic signal transduction machinery in Japanese quail. Journal of Comparative Neurology 517 (3): 397-404.Google Scholar
JATOI, A.S., KHAN, M.K., SAHOTA, A.W., AKRAM, M., JAVED, K., JASPAL, M.H. and KHAN, S.H. (2013) Post-peak egg production in local and imported strains of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) as influenced by continuous and intermittent light regimens during early growing period. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 23 (3): 727-730.Google Scholar
JIAO, Y., LAU, T., HATZIKIROU, H., MEYER-HERMANN, M., CORBO, J.C. and TORQUATO, S. (2014) Avian photoreceptor patterns represent a disordered hyperuniform solution to a multiscale packing problem. Physical Review E 89: 1-13.Google Scholar
KAYLOR, J.K., YUAN, Q., COOK, J., SARFARE, S., MAKSHANOFF, J., MIU, A., KIM, A., KIM, P., HABIB, S., ROYBAL, C.N., XU, T., NUSINOWITZ, S. and TRAVIS, G.H. (2013) Identification of DES1 as a vitamin A isomerase in Müller glial cells of the retina. Nature Chemical Biology 9: 30-36.Google Scholar
KIM, M.J., PARVIN, R.H., MUSHTAQ, M.M.H., HWANGBO, J., KIM, J.H., NA, J.C., KIM, D.W., KANG, H.K., KIM, C.D., CHO, K.O., YANG, C.B. and CHOI, H.C. (2013) Growth performance and hematological traits of broiler chickens reared under assorted monochromatic light sources. Poultry Science 92 (6): 1461-1466.Google Scholar
LAN, X., LI, D., WANG, Y., ZHAO, X., LIU, Y. and ZHU, Q. (2013) Effect of monochromatic light on the crown performance of chickens. Indian Journal of Animal Research 47 (2): 175-177.Google Scholar
LI, D.Y., QING, Q., ZHAO, L.X.L., XU, H.L., ZHAO, B.Y. and ZHU, Q. (2011) Research progress on melatonin receptor in poultry. Energy Procedia 11: 2252-2257.Google Scholar
LIND, O., MITKUS, M., OLSSON, P. and KELBER, A. (2014) Ultraviolet vision in birds: the importance of transparent eye media. Proceedings of the Royal Society: Biological Sciences doi: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2209.Google Scholar
LISNEY, T.J., RUBENE, D., RÓZSA, J., LØVLIE, H., HÅSTAD, O. and ÖDEEN, A. (2011) Behavioural assessment of flicker fusion frequency in chicken Gallus gallus domesticus . Vision Research 51 (12): 1324-1332.Google Scholar
MENDES, A.S., PAIXÃO, S.J., RESTELATTO, R., MORELLO, G.M., DE MOURA, D.J. and POSSENTI, J.C. (2013) Performance and preference of broiler chickens exposed to different lighting sources. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 22 (1): 62-70.Google Scholar
MIN, J.K., HOSSAN, M.D., NAZMA, A., JAE, C.N., HAN, T.B., HWAN, K.K., DONG, W.K., HYUN, S.C., HEE, C.C. and OK, S.S. (2012) Effect of monochromatic light on sexual maturity, production performance and egg quality of laying hens. Avian Biology Research 5 (2): 69-74.Google Scholar
MOBARKEY, N., AVITAL, N., HEIBLUM, R. and ROZENBOIM, I. (2010) The role of retinal and extra-retinal photostimulation in reproductive activity in broiler breeder hens. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 38 (4): 235-243.Google Scholar
MOORE, B.A., BAUMHARDT, P., DOPPLER, M., RANDOLET, J., BLACKWELL, B.F., DEVAULT, T.L., LOEW, E.R. and FERNÁNDEZ-JURICIC, E. (2012) Oblique color vision in an open-habitat bird: spectral sensitivity, photoreceptor distribution and behavioral implications. The Journal of Experimental Biology 215: 3442-3452.Google Scholar
NEUHUBER, W. and SCHRÖDL, F. (2011) Autonomic control of the eye and the iris. Autonomic Neuroscience 165 (1): 67-79.Google Scholar
NICKLA, D.L.. (2013) Ocular diurnal rhythms and eye growth regulation: where we are 50 years after Lauber? Experimental Eye Research 114: 25-34.Google Scholar
O'CONNOR, E.A., PARKER, M.O., DAVEY, E.L., GRIST, H., OWEN, R.C., SZLADOVITS, B., DEMMERS, T.G.M., WATHES, C.M. and ABEYESINGH, S.M. (2011) Effect of low light and high noise on behavioural activity, physiological indicators of stress and production in laying hens. British Poultry Science 52 (6): 666-674.Google Scholar
OLANREWAJU, H.A., PURSWELL, J.L., COLLIER, S.D. and BRANTON, S.L. (2011) Effect of varying light intensity on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens grown to heavy weights. International Journal of Poultry Science 10 (12): 921-926.Google Scholar
OSTRIN, L.A., LIU, Y., CHOH, V. and WILDSOET, C.F. (2011) The role of the iris in chick accommodation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 52 (7): 4710-4716.Google Scholar
PARVIN, R., MUSHTAQ, M.M.H., KIM, M.J. and CHOI, H.C. (2014) Light emitting diode (LED) as a source of monochromatic light: a novel lighting approach for behaviour, physiology and welfare of poultry: review. World's Poultry Science Journal 70 (03): 543-556.Google Scholar
PEARRING, J.N., SALINAS, R.Y., BAKER, S.A. and ARSHAVSKY, V.Y. (2013) Protein sorting, targeting and trafficking in photoreceptor cells. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 36: 24-51.Google Scholar
PEIRSON, S.N., HALFORD, S. and FOSTER, R.G. (2009) The evolution of irradiance detection: melanopsin and the non-visual opsins. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 364 (1531): 2849-2865.Google Scholar
PIERSCIONEK, B.K. and REGINI, J.W. (2012) The gradient index lens of the eye: An opto-biological synchrony. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 31: 332-349.Google Scholar
PIESIEWICZ, A., KEDZIERSKA, U., PODOBAS, E., ADAMSKA, I., ZUZEWICZ, K. and MAJEWSKI, P.M. (2012) Season-dependent post-embryonic maturation of the diurnal rhythm of melatonin biosynthesis in the chicken pineal gland. Chronobiology International 29 (9): 1227-1238.Google Scholar
REDDY, I.J., DAVID, C.G., SELVARAJU, S., MONDAL, S. and KIRAN, G.R. (2012) GnRH-1 mRNA, LH surges, steroid hormones, egg production, and intersequence pause days alter in birds exposed to longer wavelength of light in the later stages of production in Gallus gallus domesticus . Tropical Animal Health and Production 44 (6): 1311-1317.Google Scholar
RISTER, J. and DESPLAN, C. (2011) The retinal mosaics of opsin expression in invertebrates and vertebrates. Developmental Neurobiology 71 (12): 1212-1226.Google Scholar
RITCHEY, E.R., CODE, K., ZELINKA, C.P., SCOTT, M.A. and FISCHER, A.J. (2011) The chicken cornea as a model of wound healing and neuronal re-innervation. Molecular Vision 17: 2440-2454.Google Scholar
ROTH, L.S. and LIND, O. (2013) The impact of domestication on the chicken optical apparatus. Public Library of Science ONE doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065509.Google Scholar
RUCKER, F.J. (2013) The role of luminance and chromatic cues in emmetropisation. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 33 (3): 196-214.Google Scholar
RUCKER, F.J. and WALLMAN, J. (2012) Chicks use changes in luminance and chromatic contrast as indicators of the sign of defocus. Journal of Vision 12 (6): 12076-12084.Google Scholar
SANDERS, E.J., LIN, W., PARKER, E. and HARVEY, S. (2010) Growth hormone expression and neuroprotective activity in a quail neural retina cell line. General and Comparative Endocrinology 165 (1): 111-119.Google Scholar
SATO, K., YAMASHITA, T., IMAMOTO, Y. and SHICHIDA, Y. (2012) Comparative studies on the late bleaching processes of four kinds of cone visual pigments and rod visual pigment. Biochemistry 51 (21): 4300-4308.Google Scholar
SENARATNA, D., SAMARAKONE, T.S., MADUSANKA, A.A.P. and GUNAWARDANE, W.W.D.A. (2011) Performance, behaviour and welfare aspects of broilers as affected by different colours of artificial light. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension 14 (2): 38-44.Google Scholar
SINKALU, V.O. and AYO, J.O. (2011) Behavioural and tonic immobility responses of broiler chickens administered with melatonin during the early rainy season of Northern Nigeria. Proceedings of the International Conference of the Nigerian Meteorological Society, 13th – 17th November, 2011, pp 463-472.Google Scholar
SINKALU, V.O., AYO, J.O., ABIMBOLA, A.A. and IBRAHIM, J.E. (2014a) Effects of melatonin on cloacal temperature and erythrocyte osmotic fragility in layer hens during the hot-dry season. Journal of Applied Animal Research doi: 10.1080/09712119.2014.888003.Google Scholar
SINKALU, V.O., AYO, J.O., ADELAIYE, A.B. and HAMBOLU, J.O. (2014b) Ameliorative effects of melatonin administration and photoperiods on diurnal fluctuations in cloacal temperature of Marshall broiler chickens during the hot-dry season. International Journal of Biometeorology doi: 10.1007/s00484-014-0826-4.Google Scholar
SIOPES, T.D. (2010) Initiation of egg production by turkey breeder hens: Sexual maturation and age at lighting. Poultry Science 89 (7): 1490-1496.Google Scholar
STEVENSON, T.J., BERNARD, D.J., MCCARTHY, M.M. and BALL, G.F. (2013) Photoperiod-dependent regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the songbird brain: review. General and Comparative Endocrinology 190: 81-87.Google Scholar
SUMMERS, J.A. (2013) The choroid as a sclera growth regulator. Experimental Eye Research 114: 120-127.Google Scholar
SUZUKI, S.C., BLECKERT, A., WILLIAMS, P.R., TAKECHI, M., KAWAMURA, S. and WONG, R.O.L. (2013) Cone photoreceptor types in zebra fish are generated by symmetric terminal divisions of dedicated precursors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 (37): 15109-15114.Google Scholar
TESHIGAWARA, K., TAKAHASHI, S., BOSWELL, T., LI, Q., TANAKA, S. and TAKEUCHI, S. (2001) Identification of avian -melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the eye: temporal and spatial regulation of expression in the developing chicken. Journal of Endocrinology 168: 527-537.Google Scholar
UBUKA, T., SON, Y.L., TOBARI, Y., NARIHIRO, M., BENTLEY, G.E., KRIEGSFELD, L.J. and TSUTSUI, K. (2014) Central and direct regulation of testicular activity by gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone and its receptor. Frontiers in Endocrinology 5 (8): 1-10.Google Scholar
VALDEZ, D.J., NIETO, P.S., GARBARINO-PICO, E., AVALLE, L.B., DÍAZ-FAJRELDINES, H., SCHURRER, C., CHENG, K.M. and GUIDO, M.E. (2009) A non-mammalian vertebrate model of blindness reveals functional photoreceptors in the inner retina. The Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 23 (4): 1186-1195.Google Scholar
VERRA, D.M., CONTÍN, M.A., HICKS, D. and GUIDO, M.E. (2011) Early onset and differential temporo-spatial expression of melanopsin isoforms in the developing chicken retina. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 52 (8): 5111-5120.Google Scholar
WAHL, C., LI, T., TAKAGI, Y. and HOWLAND, H. (2011) The effects of light regimes and hormones on corneal growth in vivo and in organ culture. Journal of Anatomy 219 (6): 766-775.Google Scholar
ZAHOOR, A., MIAN, A.A., AHMAD, T., NADEEM, S., REHMAN, A. and AKRAM, M. (2011) Effect of intermittent lighting on different production traits of Japanese quail. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference On Sustainable Animal Agriculture For Developing Countries, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand, 26-29 July, 2011, pp. 626-630.Google Scholar
ZEMAN, M. and HERICHOVÁ, I. (2011) Circadian melatonin production develops faster in birds than in mammals: review. General and Comparative Endocrinology 172 (1): 23-30.Google Scholar
ZHENG, L., MA, Y.E., GU, L.Y., YUAN, D., SHI, M.L., GUO, X.Y. and ZHAN, X.A. (2013) Growth performance, antioxidant status, and nonspecific immunity in broilers under different lighting regimens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 22 (4): 798-807.Google Scholar
ZHU, J., ZHANG, E. and RIO-TSONIS, K.D. (2012) Eye Anatomy, Encyclopedia of Life Sciences doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0000108.Google Scholar
ZOU, J., WANG, X. and WEI, X. (2012) Crb apical polarity proteins maintain zebrafish retinal cone mosaics via intercellular binding of their extracellular domains. Developmental Cell 22 (6): 1261-1274.Google Scholar