Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T13:41:17.844Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Physiological and pathophysiological aspects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor regulation by fatty acids in poultry species

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 August 2016

S.K. RAMIAH Open the ORCID record for S.K. RAMIAH [Opens in a new window] ,
G.Y. MENG Open the ORCID record for G.Y. MENG [Opens in a new window]  and
M. EBRAHIMII Open the ORCID record for M. EBRAHIMII [Opens in a new window]
S.K. RAMIAH
Affiliation:
Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Persiaran UPM-Serdang, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
G.Y. MENG*
Affiliation:
Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Persiaran UPM-Serdang, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Persiaran UPM-Serdang, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
M. EBRAHIMII
Affiliation:
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Persiaran UPM-Serdang, 43400, Serdang Selangor, Malaysia
*
Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) belong to a family of nuclear hormone receptors that are activated by fatty acids such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and/or their derivatives. Three isoforms of PPAR namely α (alpha), β (beta), and γ (gamma) are found to be highly expressed in tissues relevant to energy homeostasis. The PPAR signalling pathway, which is involved in lipid metabolism and storage, play a role in livestock meat quality. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of PPAR action of fat metabolism may have extensive implications not only in animal biology for health and feed efficiency improvement, but also in molecular nutrition as a potent nutritional supplement in poultry species.

Keywords

chickenfatty acidsgene expressionPPARphysiology
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 72 , Issue 3 , September 2016 , pp. 551 - 562
Copyright
Copyright © World's Poultry Science Association 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AHMADIAN, M., SUH, J.M., HAH, N., LIDDLE, C., ATKINS, A.R., DOWNES, M. and EVANS, M.R. (2013) PPAR γ signaling and metabolism: the good, the bad and the future. Nature Medicine 99: 557-566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BAVELAAR, F.J. and BEYNEN, A.C. (2003) Relationships between dietary fatty acid composition and either melting point or fatty acid profile of adipose tissue in broilers. Meat Science 64: 133-140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BETTI, M., PEREZ, T.I., ZUIDHOF, M.J. and RENEMA, R.A. (2009) Omega -3-enriched broiler meat: Fatty acid distribution between triacylglycerol and phospholipid classes. Poultry Science 88: 1740-1754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
BINNS, N. and HOWLETT, J. (2009) Functional foods in Europe: International development in science and health claims . European Journal of Nutrition 48: S3-S13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
BIONAZ, M., CHEN, S., KHAN, M.J. and LOOR, J.J. (2013) Functional role of PPARs in ruminants: Potential targets for fine-tuning metabolism during growth and lactation. PPAR Research. Article ID 684159, 1-28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAMARENA, M.S.Y., VAN DEN HEUVEL, J.P. and BELURY, M.A. (1999) Conjugated linoleic acid activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and beta subtypes but does not induce hepatic peroxisome proliferation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1436: 331-342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CAMPBELL, M.J., CARLBERG, C. and KOEFFLER, H.P. (2008) A role for the PPAR in cancer therapy. PPAR Research, Article ID 314974, 1-17.Google Scholar
CHOCT, M., NAYLOR, A., HUTTON, O. and NOLAN, J. (2000) Increasing efficiency of lean tissue composition in broiler chickens; A Report for the rural industries research and development corporation. Publication No 98/123. https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/98-123.Google Scholar
CONTRERAS, A.V., TORRES, N. and TOVAR, A.R. (2013) PPAR-α as a key nutritional and environmental sensor for metabolic adaptation. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal 4: 439-452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
COOPER, D.A., LU, S.C. and VISWANATH, R. (1992) The structure and complete nucleotide sequence of the avian lipoprotein lipase gene. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1129: 166-171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CUI, Y., MIYOSHI, K., CLAUDIO, E., SIEBENLIST, U.K., GONZALEZ, F.J., FLAWS, J., WAGNER, K.U. and HENNIGHAUSEN, L. (2002) Loss of the peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ) does not affect mammary development and propensity for tumor formation but leads to reduced fertility. Journal of Biological Chemistry 277: 17830-17835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DE DUVE, C. (1969) Evolution of the Peroxisome. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 168: 369-381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DREYER, C., KREY, G., KELLER, H., GIVEL, F., HELFTENBEIN, G. and WAHLI, W. (1992) Control of the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway by a novel family of nuclear hormone receptors. Cell 68: 879-887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EDER, K., GRUNTAL, G., KLUGELUGE, H., HIRCHE, F., SPILKE, J. and BRANDSCH, C. (2005) Concentrations of cholesterol oxidation products in raw, heat processed and frozen-stored meat of broiler chickens fed diets differing in the type of fat and vitamin E concentrations. British Journal of Nutrition 93: 633-643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ELSTNER, E., MÜLLER, C. and KOSHIZUKA, K. (1998) Ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and retinoic acid receptor inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of human breast cancer cells in vitro and in BNX mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95: 8806-8811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
EVANS, N.P., MISYAK, S.A., SCHMELZ, E.M., GURI, A.J., HONTECILLAS, R. and BASSAGANYA-RIERA, J. (2010) Conjugated linoleic acid ameliorates inflammation-induced colorectal cancer in mice through activation of PPAR γ. The Journal of Nutrition 140: 515-521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
EVANS, R.M., BARISH, G.D. and WANG, Y.X. (2004) PPARs and the complex journey to obesity. Nature Medicine 10: 355-361.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FOUAD, A.M. and EL-SENOUSEY, H.K. (2014) Nutritional factors affecting abdominal fat deposition in poultry: a review. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 27: 1057-1068.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FOUFELLE, F. and FERRE, P. (2004) Nutrition, fat synthesis and obesity. Functional Foods, Ageing and Degenerative Disease 11: 260-277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GANJI, S.H., KAMANNA, V.S. and KASHYAP, M.L. (2003) Niacin and cholesterol: Role in cardiovascular disease (review). Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 14: 298-305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GEORGIADI, A. and KERSTEN, S. (2012) Mechanisms of gene regulation by fatty acids. Advance in Nutrition 3: 127-134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GRIFFIN, H.D., BUTTERWITH, S.C. and GODDARD, C. (1987) Contribution of lipoprotein lipase to differences in fatness between broiler and layer-strain chickens. British Poultry Science 28: 197-206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
GRYGIEL-GÓRNIAK, B. (2014) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and their ligands: nutritional and clinical implications-a review. Nutrition Journal 13: 1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HE, J., TIAN, Y., LI, J.J., SHEN, J.D., TAO, Z.R., FU, Y., NIU, D. and LU, L.Z. (2012) Expression pattern of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein gene in different tissues and its regulation of genes related to adipocyte differentiation in duck. Poultry Science 91: 2270-2274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
HONDA, K., SANEYASU, T., SUGIMOTO, H., KURACHI, K., TAKAGI, S. and KAMISOYAMA, H. (2015) Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha in the expression of hepatic fatty acid oxidation-related genes in chickens. Animal Science Journal. doi: 10.1111/asj.12392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ISSEMANN, I. and GREEN, S. (1990) Activation of a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily by peroxisome proliferators. Nature 347: 645-650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
JI, B. (2013) Pathway profiling identifies mechanisms of adipose deposition in domestic chickens. PhD diss., University of Tennessee. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1742.Google Scholar
JIANG, W.G., REDFERN, A., BRYCE, R.P. and MANSEL, R.E. (2000) Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-g (PPAR-g) mediates the action of gamma linolenic acid in breast cancer cells. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 62: 119-127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
KOMAR, C.M., BRAISSANT, O., WAHLI, W. and CURRY, T.E. (2001) Expression and localization of PPARs in the rat ovary during follicular development and the periovulatory period. Endocrinology 142: 4831-4838.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
KÖNIG, B., SPIELMANN, J., HAASE, K., BRANDSCH, C. and KLUGE, H. (2008) Effects of fish oil and conjugated linoleic acids on expression of target genes of PPAR alpha and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins in the liver of laying hens. British Journal of Nutrition 100: 355-363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LAMBE, K.G. and TUGWOOD, J.D. (1996) A human peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ is activated by inducers of adipogenesis, including thiazolidinedione drugs. European Journal of Biochemistry 239: 1-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LARSEN, T.M., TOUBRO, S. and ASTRUP, A. (2003) PPAR gamma agonists in the treatment of type II diabetes: is increased fatness commensurate with long-term efficacy?. International Journal of Obesity 27: 147-161.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LETAVERNIER, E., PEREZ, J., JOYE, E., BELLOCQ, A., FOUQUERAY, B., HAYMANN, J.P., HEUDES, D., WAHLI, W., DESVERGNE, B. and BAUD, L. (2005) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ exerts a strong protection from ischemic acute renal failure. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology16: 2395-402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LIU, R., WANG, Y., SUN, D., YU, Y. and ZHANG, Y. (2006) Association between polymorphisms of lipoprotein lipase gene and chicken. Fat deposition. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 19: 1409-1414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LIU, W.M., ZHANG, J., LU, L.Z., SHI, F.X., NIU, D., WANG, D.L. and TIAN, Y. (2011) Effects of perilla extract on productive performance, serum values and hepatic expression of lipid-related genes in Shaoxing ducks. British Poultry Science 52: 381-387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LONG, M.J., SAIRAM, M.R. and KOMAR, C.M. (2009) Initiation of the expression of peroxisome proliferator - activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) in the rat ovary and the role of FSH. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 7: 1-8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MACDOUGALD, O.A. and LANE, M.D. (1995) Adipocyte differentiation: When precursors are also regulators. Current Biology 5: 618-621.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MAHESAR, S.A., SHERAZI, S.T.H., KANDHRO, A.A., BHANGER, M.I., KHASKHELI, A.R. and TALPUR, M.Y. (2011) Evaluation of important fatty acid ratios in poultry feed lipids by ATR FTIR spectroscopy. Vibrational Spectroscopy 57: 177-181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MANDARD, S., MÜLLER, M. and KERSTEN, S. (2004) Peroxisome proliferator receptor α target genes. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 61: 393-416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MATSUBARA, Y., AOKI, M., ENDO, T. and SATO, K. (2013) Characterization of the expression profiles of adipogenesis-related factors, ZNF423, KLFs and FGF10, during preadipocyte differentiation and abdominal adipose tissue development in chickens. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 165 (3): 189-195.Google Scholar
MATSUBARA, Y., ENDO, T. and KANO, K. (2008) Fatty acids but not dexamethasone are essential inducers for chick adipocyte differentiation in vitro. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 151 (4): 511-518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MATSUBARA, Y., SATO, K., ISHII, H. and AKIBA, Y. (2005) Changes in mRNA expression of regulatory factors involved in adipocyte differentiation during fatty acid induced adipogenesis in chicken. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 14: 108-115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MENG, H., LI, H. and WANG, X.Y. (2004) Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA encoding PPAR from goose. Yi Chuan= Hereditas/Zhongguo yi chuan xue hui bian ji 26 (4): 469-472.Google ScholarPubMed
MENG, W.L., JING, Z., LIZHI, L., JUNYI, W. and LEI, Z. (2014) Effects of oleic acid on lipid oxidative gene expression in primary duck hepatocytes. Feed Industry 22: 48-51.Google Scholar
MONSALVE, F.A., PYARASANI, R.D., DELGADO-LOPEZ, F. and MOORE-CARRASCO, R. (2013) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Mediators of Inflammation. Article ID 549627,1-18.Google Scholar
MOREL, P.C.H., MCINTOSH, J.C. and JANZ, J.A.M. (2006) Alteration of the fatty acid profile of pork by dietary manipulation . Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 19: 431-437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MUELLER, E., SARRAF, P. and TONTONOZ, P. (1998) Terminal differentiation of human breast cancer through PPAR γ. Molecular Cell 1: 465-470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (NRC) (1994) Nutrient requirements of poultry. Ninth Revised Edition 1994, National Academy Press, Washington D.C.Google Scholar
O'HEA, E.K. and LEVEILLE, G.A. (1968) Lipogenesis in isolated adipose tissue of the domestic chick (Gallus domesticus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 26: 111-120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
PAN, Z., WANG, J., KANG, B., LU, L., HAN, C., TANG, H. and LV, J. (2010) Screening and identification of differentially expressed genes in goose hepatocytes exposed to free fatty acid. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 111: 1482-1492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
QI, K.K., CHEN, J.L., ZHAO, G.P., ZHENG, M.Q. and WEN, J. (2010) Effect of dietary ω6/ω3 on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality and fatty acid profiles of Beijing-you chicken. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 94: 474-485.Google ScholarPubMed
RAMIAH, S.K., MENG, G.Y. and EBRAHIMI, M. (2015) Upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and liver fatty acid binding protein in hepatic cells of broiler chicken supplemented with conjugated linoleic acids. Italian Journal of Animal Science 14: 416-422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
RAMIAH, S.K., MENG, G.Y., SHEAU, W.T., SWEE, K.Y. and EBRAHIMI, M. (2014) Dietary conjugated linoleic acid supplementation leads to downregulation of PPAR transcription in broiler chickens and reduction of adipocyte cellularity. PPAR Research Article ID 137652, 1-10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ROYAN, M., MENG, G.Y., OTHMAN, F., SAZILI, A.Q. and NAVIDSHAD, B. (2011) Effects of conjugated linoleic acid, fish oil and soybean oil on PPARs (α & γ) mRNA expression in broiler chickens and their relation to body fat deposits. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 12: 8581-8595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SAEZ, E., TONTONOZ, P. and NELSON, M.C. (1998) Activators of the nuclear receptor PPAR γ enhance colon polyp formation. Nature Medicine 4: 1058-1061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SANZ, M., FLORES, A., PEREZ, D.E., AYALA, P. and LOPEZ-BOTE, C.J. (1999) Higher lipid accumulation in broilers fed on saturated fats than in those fed unsaturated fats. British Poultry Science 40: 95-101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SATO, K., AKIBA, Y., CHIDA, Y. and TAKAHASHI, K. (1999) Lipoprotein hydrolysis and fat accumulation in chicken adipose tissues are reduced by chronic administration of lipoprotein lipase monoclonal antibodies. Poultry Science 78: 1286-1291.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SATO, K., FUKAO, K., SEKI, Y. and AKIBA, Y. (2004) Expression of the chicken peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene is influenced by aging, nutrition, and agonist administration. Poultry Science 83: 1342-1347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SCHOPPE, P.D., GARMEY, J.C. and VELDHUIS, J.D. (2002) Putative activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ impairs androgen and enhances progesterone biosynthesis in primary cultures of porcine theca cells. Biology of Reproduction 66: 190-198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SELVARAJ, R.K., SHANMUGASUNDARAM, R. and KLASING, K.C. (2010) Effects of dietary lutein and PUFA on PPAR and RXR isomer expression in chickens during an inflammatory response. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 157: 198-203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SHANG, Z., GUO, L., WANG, N., SHI, H., WANG, Y. and LI, H. (2014) Oleate promotes differentiation of chicken primary preadipocytes in vitro. Bioscience Reports 34: 51-57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SHI, H., ZHANG, Q., WANG, Y., YANG, P., WANG, Q. and LI, H. (2011) Chicken adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein knockdown affects expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ gene during oleate-induced adipocyte differentiation. Poultry Science 90: 1037-1044.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SMINK, W., GERRITS, W.J.J., HOVENIER, R., GEELEN, M.J.H., LOBEE, H.W.J., VERSTEGEN, M.W.A. and BEYNEN, A.C. (2008) Fatty acid digestion and deposition in broiler chickens fed diets containing either native or randomized palm oil. Poultry Science 87: 506-513.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SMINK, W., GERRITS, W.J.J., HOVENIER, R., GEELEN, M.J.H., VERSTEGEN, M.W.A. and BEYNEN, A.C. (2010) Effect of dietary fat sources on fatty acid deposition and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens. Poultry Science 89: 2432-2440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
SPRECHER, D.L. (2007) Lipids, lipoproteins, and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-delta. American Journal of Cardiology 100: 20-24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
TAKADA, I. and KOBAYASHI, M. (2013) Structural features and transcriptional activity of chicken PPARs (αβ, and γ. PPAR Research: Article ID 1863312, 1-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TAKADA, I., YU, R.T., XU, H.E., LAMBERT, M.H., MONTANA, V.G., KLIEWER, S.A., EVANS, R.M. and UMESONO, K. (2000) Alteration of a single amino acid in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) generates a PPARδ phenotype. Molecular Endocrinology 14: 733-740.Google ScholarPubMed
TAN, N.S., MICHALIK, L., NOY, N., YASMIN, R., PACOT, C., HEIM, M., FLÜHMANN, B., DESVERGNE, B. and WAHLI, W. (2001) Critical roles of PPARβ/δ in keratinocyte response to inflammation. Genes and Development 15: 3263-3277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
TAULESCU, C., MIHAIU, M., BELE, C., MATEA, C., DAN, S.D., MIHAIU, R., XANDRA LAPUSAN, A. and CIUPA, A. (2010) Manipulating the fatty acid composition of poultry meat for improving consumer's health. Bulletin UASVM 67: 220-225.Google Scholar
TONTONOZ, P., HU, E., GRAVES, R.A., BUDAVARI, A.I. and SPIEGELMAN, B.M. (1994) mPPAR γ2: tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer. Genes and Development 8: 1224-1234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VARGA, T., CZIMMERER, Z. and NAGY, L. (2011) PPARs are a unique set of fatty acid regulated transcription factors controlling both lipid metabolism and inflammation. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease 2: 1007-1022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VILLAVERDE, C., BAUCELLS, M.D., CORTINAS, L. and BARROETA, A.C. (2006) Effects of dietary concentration and degree of polyunsaturation of dietary fat on endogenous synthesis and deposition of fatty acids in chickens. British Poultry Science 47: 173-179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WANG, F., LU, L.Z., YUAN, H., TIAN, Y., LI, J.J.J.D., TAO, Z.R. and FU, Y. (2011) Molecular cloning, expression, and regulation of goose leptin receptor gene in adipocytes. Molecular Cell Biochemistry 353: 267-274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WANG, H.B., WANG, Q.G., ZHANG, X.Y., GU, X.F., WANG, N., WU, S.B. and LI, H. (2010) Microarray analysis of genes differentially expressed in the liver of lean and fat chickens. Animal 4: 513-522.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WANG, L., NA, W., WANG, Y.X., WANG, Y.B., WANG, N., WANG, Q.G., LIM, Y.M. and LI, H. (2012) Characterization of chicken PPAR γ expression and its impact on adipocyte proliferation and differentiation. Yi Chuan= Hereditas/Zhongguo yi chuan xue hui bian ji 34: 454-464.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WANG, Q., LI, H., LI, N., LENG, L., WANG, Y. and TANG, Z. (2006) Identification of single nucleotide polymorphism of adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein gene and its association with fatness traits in the chicken. Poultry Science 85: 429-434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WANG, Y., MU, Y. and LI, H. (2008) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ gene: a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation in chickens. Poultry Science 87: 226-232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WANG, Y.X., LEE, C.H., TIEP, S., YU, R.T., HAM, J., KANG, H. and EVANS, R.M. (2003) Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor delta activates fat metabolism to prevent obesity. Cell 113: 159-170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WONGSUTHAVAS, S., TERAPUNTUWAT, S., WONGSRIKEAW, W., KATAWATIN, S., YUANGKLANG, C. and BEYNEN, A.C. (2008) Influence of amount and type of fat on deposition, adipocyte count and iodine number of abdominal fat in broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 92: 92-98.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
WOOD, J.D., RICHARDSON, R.I., NUTE, G.R., FISHER, A.V., CAMPO, M.M. and KASAPIDOU, E. (2003) Effects of fatty acids on meat quality: a review . Meat Science 66: 21-32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
YAGI, K., KONDO, D., OKAZAKI, Y. and KANO, K. (2004) A novel preadipocyte cell lines established from mouse adult mature adipocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 321: 967-974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ZHANG, B., YANG, X., GUO, Y. and LONG, F. (2011) Effects of dietary lipids and Clostridium butyricum on serum lipids and lipid-related gene expression in broiler chickens. Animal 5: 1909-1915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ZHOU, H., DEEB, N., EVOCK-CLOVER, C.M., ASHWEL, C.M. and LAMONT, S.J. (2006) Genome-wide linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions affecting phenotypic traits in the chicken. II. Body composition. Poultry Science 85: 1712-1721.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
ZIGGERS, D. (2005) Oils and fats indispensable in feed. Feed Technology 1: 16-19.Google Scholar