Hostname: page-component-7bb8b95d7b-l4ctd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-09-21T10:59:10.490Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Slaughter quality as influenced by feed withdrawal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

S.F. Bilgili
Affiliation:
Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, 36849-5416, USA, e-mail: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Scientific literature recommends that feed is withdrawn from poultry prior to slaughter to reduce the potential for carcass contamination from crop and intestinal contents. Much research focused on identification of optimum withdrawal times and conditions to maintain slaughter/processing efficiency of poultry. This paper reviews the basic research, as well as practical aspects of implementing feed withdrawal programmes under field conditions. It should be pointed out that, commercial application of feed withdrawal programmes may vary from one country to another, not only because of differences in live production capacities and practices but also in slaughter/inspection regulations. Potential for carcass contamination, both visually and microbiologically, live weight shrink, and saleable yield losses must be taken into account in designing, implementing and monitoring feed withdrawal programmes.

Type
Reviews
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, R.L. and Rogler, J.C. (1968) The effects of environmental temperature on the protein requirements and response to energy in slow and fast growing chicks. Poultry Science 47:579586.Google Scholar
Ang, C.Y.W. and Hamm, D. (1985) Influence of length of feed withdrawal times on proximate composition and levels of selected vitamins and minerals in broiler breast meat. Poultry Science 64:14911493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baroli, D., Pignatelli, P., Mingardo, M. and Cavalchini, L.G. (1997) Effect of feed withdrawal on amount and content of gastrointestinal segments in broiler chickens. In: Proceedings of the XII European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat Poznan, Poland, pp.405411.Google Scholar
Bartov, I. (1996) Interrelationship between the effects of dietary factors and feed withdrawal on the content and composition of liver fat in broiler chicks. Poultry Science 75: 632641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartov, I. (1996) Lack of interrelationship between the effects of dietary factors and food withdrawal on carcase quality of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 39: 426433.Google Scholar
Benibo, B.S. and Farr, A.J. (1985) The effects of feed and water withdrawal and holding shed treatments on broiler yield parameters. Poultry Science 64: 920924.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bilgili, S.F. (1988) Research Note: Effect of feed and water withdrawal on shear strength of broiler gastrointestinal tract. Poultry Science 67: 845847.Google Scholar
Bilgili, S.F. (1995) Minimizing broiler reprocessing in the plant. In: Proceedings of the 30th National Meeting on Poultry Health and ProcessingOcean city, MD pp.1315.Google Scholar
Bilgili, S.F. and Moran, E.T. Jr (1992) Processing losses of broilers as affected by diet density and inclusion of glucose in water prior to crating. In: Proceedings of the World's Poultry CongressAmsterdam, Volume 3, pp. 200204.Google Scholar
Bilgili, S.F. and Hess, J.B. (1997) Tensile strength of broiler intestines as influenced by age and feed withdrawal. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 279283.Google Scholar
Bilgili, S.F., Jetton, J.P., Conner, D.E., Kotrola, J.S. and Moran, E.T. Jr (1992) Microbiological quality of commercially processed broiler carcasses: The influence of fecal contamination during processing. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Salmonella and Salmonellosis, Ploufragan/Saint-Brieue, France, pp. 118119.Google Scholar
Blankenship, L.C., Cox, N.A., Craven, S.E., Mercuri, A.J. and Wilson, R.L. (1975) Comparison of the microbiological quality of inspection-passed and fecal contamination condemned broiler carcasses. Journal of Food Science 40: 12361238.Google Scholar
Blankenship, L.C., Bailey, J.S., Cox, N.A., Musgrove, M.T., Berrang, M.E., Wilson, R.L., Rose, M.J. and Dua, S.K. (1993) Broiler carcass reprocessing, a further evaluation. Journal of Food Protection 56: 983985.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buhr, R.J., Northcutt, J.K., Lyon, C.E. and Rowland, G.N. (1998) Influence of time off feed on broiler viscera weight, diameter, and shear. Poultry Science 77: 758764.Google Scholar
Byrd, J.A., Corrier, D.E., Hume, M.E., Bailey, R.H., Stanker, L.H. and Hargis, B.M. (1998) Incidence of Campylobacter in crops of preharvest market-aged broiler chickens. Poultry Science 77: 13031305.Google Scholar
Charles, D.R., Groom, C.M. and Bray, T.S. (1981) The effects of temperature on broilers: Interaction between temperature and feeding regime. British Poultry Science 22: 475481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, T.C., Schultz, C.D., Reece, F.N., Lott, B.D. and McNaughton, J.L. (1983) The effect of extended holding time, temperature, and dietary energy on yields of broilers. Poultry Science 62: 15661571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deaton, J W., Reece, F.N. and McNaughton, J.L. (1978) The effect of temperature during the growing period on broiler performance. Poultry Science 57: 10701074.Google Scholar
Duke, G.E., Dziuk, H.E. and Hawkins, L. (1969) Gastrointestinal transit-times in normal and bluecomb diseased turkeys. Poultry Science 49: 835842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duke, G.E., Maureen, B. and Noll, S. (1997) Optimum duration of feed and water removal prior to processing in order to reduce the potential for fecal contamination in turkeys. Poultry Science 76: 516522.Google Scholar
Fleltcher, D.L. and Rahn, A.P. (1982) The effect of environmentally modified and conventional housing types on broiler shrinkage. Poultry Science 61: 6774.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Food Safety And Inspection Service (1997) Poultry post-mortem inspection and reinspection: Enforcing the zero tolerance for visible fecal contamination. Directive 6150.1, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Fris Jensen, J. (1976) The influence of transportation on slaughter quality of broilers. In: 5th European Poultry ConferenceMalta, pp. 698705.Google Scholar
Hazelwood, R.L. (1986) Carbohydrate metabolism. In: Avian Physiology (Ed. Sturkie, P.D.), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 303325.Google Scholar
Hinton, A. Jr., Buhr, R.J. and Ingram, K. (1998) Feed withdrawal and carcass microbiological counts. Proc. Georgia Poultry ConferenceAthens, GA.Google Scholar
Humphrey, T.J., Baskerville, A., Witehead, A., Rowe, B. and Henley, A. (1993) Influence of feeding patterns on the artificial infection of laying hens with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4. Veterinary Record 132: 407409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Janky, D.M., Harms, R.H. and Arafa, A.S. (1983) Processing yields as affected by dietary potassium chloride concentration and energy level in summer and winter. Poultry Science 62: 19982003.Google Scholar
Jensen, L.S., Cervantes, H.M. and Takahashi, K. (1984) Liver lipid content in broilers as affected by time without feed or feed and water. Poultry Science 63: 24042407.Google Scholar
Kotula, K.L. and Wang, Y. (1994) Characterization of broiler meat quality factors as influenced by feed withdrawal time. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 3: 103110.Google Scholar
Leeson, S. and Summers, J.D. (1997) Feeding programs for broilers. In: Commercial Poultry Nutrition, University Books, Guelph, pp.222224.Google Scholar
Lyon, C.E. and Buhr, R.J. (1999) Biochemical basis of meat texture. In: Poultry Meat Science, (Eds. Richardson, R.I. and Mead, G.C.) CAB International, Oxfordshire, England, pp.99126.Google Scholar
Lyon, C.E., Papa, C.M. and Wilson, R.L. Jr (1991) Effect of feed withdrawal on yields, muscle pH, and texture of broiler breast meat. Poultry Science 70: 10201025.Google Scholar
Marion, W.W., Jungk, R.A. and Maxon, S.T. (1970 Influence of handling and processing on weights and yields of turkey meat. Food Technology 24: 924926.Google Scholar
May, J.D. and Deaton, J.W. (1989) Digestive tract clearance of broilers cooped or deprived of water. Poultry Science 68: 627630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
May, J.D., Lott, B.D. and Deaton, J.W. (1990) The effect of light and environmental temperature on broiler digestive tract contents after feed withdrawal. Poultry Science 69: 16811684.Google Scholar
May, J.D., Branton, S.L., Deaton, J.W. and Simmons, J.D. (1988) Effect of environmental temperature and feeding regimen on quantity of digestive tract contents of broilers. Poultry Science 67: 6471.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
May, K.N. and Brunson, C.C. (1955) Effect of starvation period on eviscerated yields of broilers. Poultry Science 34: 1210 (Abst.).Google Scholar
Mitchell, M.A. and Kettelwell, P.J. (1994) Road transportation of broiler chickens: induction of physiological stress. World's Poultry Science Journal 50: 5759.Google Scholar
Moran, E.T. Jr and Bilgili, S.F. (1990) Influence of feeding and fasting broilers prior to marketing on cecal access of orally administered Salmonella. Journal of Food Protection 53: 205207.Google Scholar
Moran, E.T. Jr and Bilgili, S.F. (1995) Influence of broiler livehaul on carcass quality and further- processing yields. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 4: 1322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, H.C. and Rosenberg, M.M. (1953) Studies on blood sugar and glycogen levels in chickens atPoultry Science 32: 805811.Google Scholar
Ngoka, D.A., Froning, G.W., Lowry, S.R. and Babji, A.S. (1982) Effects of sex, age, preslaughter factors, and holding conditions on the quality and chemical composition of turkey breast muscles. Poultry Science 61: 19962203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Northcutt, J.K. (2001) Preslaughter factors affecting poultry meat quality. In: Poultry Meat Processing, (Ed. Sams, A.R.), CRC Press, Washington, DC. pp. 518.Google Scholar
Northcutt, J.K. and Savage, S. (1996) Managing feed withdrawal: The broiler's last meal. Broiler Industry, September, pp.2427.Google Scholar
Northcutt, J.K., Savage, S.I. and Vest, L.R. (1997) Relationship between feed withdrawal and viscera condition of broilers. Poultry Science 76: 410414.Google Scholar
Papa, C.M. (1991) Lower gut contents of broiler chickens withdrawn from feed and held in cages. Poultry Science 70: 375380.Google Scholar
Powell, C., Blank, G., Hydamaka, A. and Dzogen, S. (1995) Microbiological comparison of inspection-passed and reprocessed broiler carcasses. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 4:2331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramirez, G.A., Sarlin, L.L., Caldwell, D.J., Yezak, C.R., Jr., Hume, M.E., Corrier, D.E., Deloach, J.R. and Hargis, B.M. (1997) Effect of feed withdrawal on the incidence of Salmonella in the crops and ceca of market age broiler chickens. Poultry Science 76: 654656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramirez, G.A., Sarlin, L.L., Caldwell, D.J., Yezak, C.R. Jr.Hume, M.E., Corrier, D.E., Deloach, J.R. and Hargis, B.M. (1997) Effect of feed withdrawal on the incidence of Salmonella in the crops and ceca of market age broiler chickens. Poultry Science 76: 654656.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Randall, J.M., Sreader, W.V. and Meehan, A.M. (1994) Vibration on poultry transporters. World's Poultry Science Journal 50: 6465.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, A.L. and Mast, M.G. (1989) Effect of feed withdrawal on composition and quality of broiler meat. Poultry Science 68: 1109–113.Google Scholar
Reisenfeld, G., Berman, A. and Hurmitz, S. (1981) Glucose kinetics and respiratory metabolism in fed and fasted chickens. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 70A: 223227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rigby, C.E. and Pettit, J.R. (1980) Changes in the Salmonella status of broiler chickens subjected to simulated shipping conditions. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 44: 374381.Google ScholarPubMed
Rigby, C.E. and Pettit, J.R. (1981) Effects of feed withdrawal on the weight, fecal excretion, and Salmonella status of market age broiler chickens. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 45: 363365.Google ScholarPubMed
Salmon, R.E. (1979) Effect of food and water deprivation on live weight shrinkage, eviscerated carcass yield and water absorption during chilling of turkey carcasses. British Poultry Science 20: 303306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savage, S. (1994) The effect of feed withdrawal on yield. Proceedings of the Southeastern Poultry and Egg Association Poultry processor WorkshopAtlanta, GA, pp. 14.Google Scholar
Savage, S. (1995) Preparing broilers to minimize reprocessing. In: Proceedings of the 30th National Meeting on Poultry Health and ProcessingOcean City, MD, pp. 109112.Google Scholar
Schmidt, M.J., Formica, S.D. and Fritz, J.C. (1964) Effect of fasting prior to slaughter on yield of broilers. Poultry Science 43: 931934.Google Scholar
Shackleford, A.D., Whitehead, W.F., Dickens, J.A., Thomson, J.E. and Wilson, R.L. (1984) Evaporative cooling of broilers during preslaughter holding. Poultry Science 63: 927931.Google Scholar
Smidt, M.J., Formica, S.D. and Fritz, J.C. (1964) Effect of fasting prior to slaughter on yield of broilers. Poultry Science 43: 931934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, N.J., Clavero, M.R.S., Bailey, J.S., Cox, N.A. and Robach, M.C. (1995) Campylobacter spp. in broilers on the farm and after transport. Poultry Science 74: 937941.Google Scholar
Summers, J.D. and Leeson, S. (1979) Comparison of feed withdrawal time and passage of gut contents in broiler chickens held in crates or litter pens. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 59: 6366.Google Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture (1989) Poultry Inspection Regulations. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 9, Chapter III, Section 381.91, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
United States Department of Agriculture (1996) Pathogen Reduction; Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Systems: Final Rule. Code of Federal Regulations, 9 CFR Part 304, et al., Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Veerkamp, C.H. (1978) The influence of fasting and transport on yield of broilers. Poultry Science 57: 634638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Veerkamp, C.H. (1986) Good handling gives better yield. Poultry-Misset, April, pp. 3033.Google Scholar
Veerkamp, C.H. (1986) Fasting and yields of broilers. Poultry Science 65: 12991304.Google Scholar
Wabeck, C.J. (1972) Feed and water withdrawal time relationship to processing yield and potential fecal contamination of broilers. Poultry Science 51: 11191121.Google Scholar
Waldroup, A.L., Rathgeber, B.M., Hierholzer, R.E., Smoot, L., Martin, L.M., Bilgili, S.F., Fletcher, D.L., Chen, T.C. and Wabeck, C.H. (1993) Effects of reprocessing on microbiological quality of commercial prechill broiler carcasses. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2:111116.Google Scholar
Warriss, P.D., Kestin, S.C., Brown, S.N. and Bevis, E.A. (1988) Depletion of glycogen reserves in fasting broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 29: 149154.Google Scholar
Willis, W.L., Murray, C. and Raczkowski, C.W. (1996) The influence of feed and water withdrawal on Campylobacter jejuni detection and yield of broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 5: 210214.Google Scholar
Wood, D.F. and Richards, J.F. (1975) Effect of some antemortem stressors on post-mortem aspects of chicken broiler pectoralis muscle. Poultry Science 54: 528531.Google Scholar