Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T08:01:15.814Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Palm kernel meal in broiler diets: effect on chicken performance and health

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2007

B. Sundu ,
A. Kumar  and
J. Dingle
B. Sundu
Affiliation:
School of Animal Studies, The University of Queensland, Australia Universitas Tadulako, Agriculture Faculty, Animal Husbandry Department, Palu, Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia
A. Kumar
Affiliation:
School of Animal Studies, The University of Queensland, Australia
J. Dingle*
Affiliation:
School of Animal Studies, The University of Queensland, Australia
*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

An increase in the production of palm kernel meal (PKM) coupled with the concern for continued availability of conventional feedstuffs in some parts of the world has led to research to establish the maximum inclusion level of palm kernel meal in broiler diets. The results suggested that palm kernel meal has no anti-nutritional properties and thus its inclusion is safe up to at least 40% in the diet, provided the diet is balanced in amino acids and metabolisable energy. Although feed digestibility is decreased due to high dietary fibre when PKM is included in the diet, the feed intake is increased. This makes total digestible nutrient intake relatively high. β-mannan is the main component of palm kernel meal non-starch polysaccharide (NSP). Both mannose and manno-oligosaccharides have been reported to act as prebiotics. The inclusion of palm kernel meal in the diet improves the immune system of birds and reduces pathogenic bacteria and increases the population of non-pathogenic bacteria in the intestine. These two benefits should be considered as strong recommendations for using palm kernel meal in broiler diets, particularly in palm kernel meal producing countries, not only forincreasing bird productivity but also to improve chicken health. Selective enzyme addition increases feed efficiency and digestibility as well as decreasing the moisture content of faeces.

Keywords

palm kernel mealβ-mannanbroiler chickens and health status
Type
Reviews
Information
World's Poultry Science Journal , Volume 62 , Issue 2 , June 2006 , pp. 316 - 325
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, V.M., Fernandez, F. and Hinton, M.H. (1997) Evaluation of the influence of supplementing the diet with mannose or palm kernel meal on salmonella colonisation in poultry. British Poultry Science 38: 485–488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aspinal, G.O. (1970) Polysaccharides. Pergamon Press, New York.Google Scholar
Balnave, D., Hayat, J. and Brake, J. (1999) Dietary arginine: lysine ratio and methionine activity at elevated environmental temperatures. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 8: 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamruspollert, M., Pesti, G.M. and Bakalli, R.I. (2002) Dietary interrelationship among arginine, methionine and lysine in young broiler chicks. British Journal of Nutrition 88: 655–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chamruspollert, M., Pesti, G.M. and Bakalli, R.I. (2004) Influence of temperature on the arginine and methionine requirements of young broiler chicks. Journal Applied Poultry Research 13: 628–638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chin, F.Y. (2002) Utilization of palm kernel cake (PKC) as feed in Malaysia. Asian Livestock Magazine Volume: October – December, pp: 19–23.Google Scholar
Daud, M.J. and Jarvis, M.C. (1992) Mannan of oil palm kernel. Phytochemistry 31: 463–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dingle, J.G. (1995) The use of enzymes for better performance of poultry. In: Queensland Poultry Science Symposium 4(14): 1–9. The University of Queensland, Gatton.Google Scholar
Duke, G.E. (1986) Alimentary canal: Secretion and digestion, special digestive functions and absorption, In: Sturkie, P.D. (Ed) Avian Physiology pp. 289–302, New York, Springer Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dusterhoft, E.M., Posthumus, M.A. and Voragen, A.G.J. (1992) Non-starch polysaccharides from sunflower (helianthus annuus) meal and palm kernel (Elaeis Guineensis) meal preparation of cell wall material and extraction of polysaccharide fractions. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 59: 151–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dusterhoft, E.M., Bonte, A.W., Venekamp, J.C. and Voragen, A.G.J. (1993) The role of fungal polysaccharidases in the hydrolysis of cell wall materials from sunflower and palm kernel meals. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 9: 544–554.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ezieshi, E.V. and Olomu, J.M. (2004) Comparative performance of broilers chickens fed varying levels of palm kernel meal and maize offal. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 3(4): 254–257.Google Scholar
FAO (2002) FAOSTATAgriculture Data. http://appps.fao.orgGoogle Scholar
Fernandez, F., Hintaon, M. and Van Gils, B. (2000) Evaluation of the effect of mannan oligosaccharides on the competitive exclusion of salmonella enteritidis colonization in broiler chicks. Avian Pathology 29: 575–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandez, F., Hintaon, M. and Van Gils, B. (2002) Dietary mannan oligosaccharides and their effect on chicken caecal microflora in relation to salmonella enteritidis colonization. Avian Pathology 31: 49–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutagalung, R.I. (1980) Availability of feedstuffs for farm animals. Proceedings First Asia-Australasia Animal Science Congress, Abstract No, 40: 15.Google Scholar
Iyayi, E.A. and Davies, B.I. (2005) Effect of enzyme supplementation of palm kernel meal and brewer's dried grain on the performance of broilers. International Journal of Poultry Science 4: 76–80Google Scholar
Kapoor, V.P., Taravel, F.R., Joseleau, J.P., Milas, M., Chanzy, H. and Rinaudo, M. (1998) Cassia spectabilis DC seed galactomannan: structural, crystallographical and rheological studies. Carabohydrate Research 306: 231–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knudsen, K.E.B. (1997) Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding. Animal Feed Science Technology 67: 319–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kyriazakis, I. and Emmans, G.C. (1995) The voluntary feed intake of pigs given feed based on wheat bran, dried citrus pulp and grass meal, in relation to measurements of feed bulk. British Journal of Nutrition 73: 191–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lyons, T.P. (2002) Navigating from niche markets to mainstream: A feed industry Kakumei. Proceedings of Alltech's 16th Anuual Asia Pacific Lecture Tour pp: 1–16.Google Scholar
Luis, E.B. (2002) Use of hemicell in palm kernel meal rations to improve broiler performance. In: Hemicell feed enzyme – field and pen trial data for swine, broilers, ducks, laying hens and turkeys, pp: 43–45. Chemgen, USA.Google Scholar
Nrc (1994) Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Nwokolo, E.N., Bragg, D.B. and Saben, H.S. (1976) The availability of amino acids from palm kernel, soybean, cotton seed and rape seed meal for the growing chick. Poultry Science 55: 2300–2304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nwokolo, E.N., Bragg, D.B. and Saben, H.S. (1977) A nutritive evaluation of palm kernel meal for use in poultry rations. Tropical Science 19: 147–154.Google Scholar
Oyofo, B.A., Deloach, J.R., Corrier, D.E., Norman, J.O., Ziprin, R.L. and Mollenhauser, H.H. (1989) Effects of carbohydrates on Salmonella typhimurium colonisation in broiler chickens. Avian Diseases 33: 531–534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Okumura, J., Furuse, M., Kawamura, T., Toyoshima, K., Sugawara, M., Suzuki, T., Seo, G. and Soga, H. (1994) Effects of glucooligosaccharides and bacteria on egg production rate and caecal bacteria population in the chicken. Japanese Poultry Science 31: 189–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'mara, F.P., Muligan, F.J., Cronin, E.J., Rath, M. and Caffrey, P.J. (1999) The nutritive value of palm kernel meal measured in vivo and using rumen fluid and enzymatic techniques. Livestock Production Science 60: 305–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Onifade, A.A. and Babatunde, G.M. (1998) Comparison of the utilisation of palm kernel meal, brewers dried grains and maize offal by broiler chicks. British Poultry Science 39: 245–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Onwudike, O.C. (1986) Palm kernel as a feed for poultry 2. Diets containing palm kernel meal for starter and grower pullets. Animal Feed Science and Technology 16: 187–194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panigrahi, S. and Powell, C.J. (1991) Effects of high inclusion of Palm kernel meal in broiler chick diets. Animal feed science and technology 34: 37–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spring, P., Wenk, C., Dawson, K.A. and Newman, K.E. (2000) The effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on caecal parameters and the concentration of enteric bacteria in the caeca of salmonella challenged broiler chicks. Poultry Science 79: 205–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sue, T.H. (2001) Quality and characteristics of Malaysian palm kernel. Palm Oil Developments 34: 1–3.Google Scholar
Sundu, B., Kumar, A. and Dingle, J. (2004a) The effect of commercial enzymes on chicks fed high copra meal and palm kernel meal diets. Proceedings Seminar Nasional Pemanfaatan sumber Daya hayati berkelanjutan. Ed. Husain, M. H., pp: 26–31. Tadulako University Press, Indonesia.Google Scholar
Sundu, B., Kumar, A. and Dingle, J. (2004b) Comparison between two mannan – degrading enzyme products inclusion in the diet containing increasing level of palm kernel meal. Proceedings Seminar Nasional Pemanfaatan sumber Daya Hayati Berkelanjutan. ED. Husain, M.H., pp: 19–25. Tadulako University Press, IndonesiaGoogle Scholar
Sundu, B., Kumar, A. and Dingle, J. (2005a) Response of birds fed increasing levels of palm kernel meal supplemented with enzymes. Australian Poultry Science Symposium 17: 227–228.Google Scholar
Sundu, B., Kumar, A. and Dingle, J. (2005b) The importance of physical characteristics of feed for young broilers. Queensland Poultry Science Symposium 12: 63–75.Google Scholar
Sundu, B., Kumar, A. and Dingle, J. (2005c) Comparison of feeding values of palm kernel meal and copra meal for broilers. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition Australia 15: 16A.Google Scholar
Sundu, B., Kumar, A. and Dingle, J. (unpublished) Improvement in the utilisation of copra meal and palm kernel meal by poultry.Google Scholar
Wang, X. and Gibson, G.R. (1993) Effects of in-vitro fermentation of oligofructose and inulin by bacteria growing in the human large intestine. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 75: 373–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waldroup, A.L., Skinner, J.T., Hierholzer, R.E. and Waldroup, P.W. (1993). An evaluation of fructooligosaccharide in diets for broiler chickens and effects on salmonellae contamination of carcasses. Poultry Science 72: 643–650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warren, R.A.J. (1996) Microbial hydrolysis of polysaccharides. Annual Review of Microbiology 50: 183–212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeong, S.W. (1980) The nutritive value of palm oil by-products for poultry. Proceedings First Asia-Australasia Animal Science Congress, Abstract No, 45: 17.Google Scholar
Yeong, S.W. (1983) Amino acids availability of palm kernel cake, palm oil sludge and sludge fermented product (Prolima) in studies with chickens. MARDI Research Bulletin 11: 84–88.Google Scholar
Zulkifli, I., Ginsos, J., Liew, P.K. and Gilbert, J. (2003) Growth performance and Newcastle disease antibody titres of broiler chickens fed palm based diets and their response to heat stress during fasting. Archiv für Geflügelkunde 67: 125–130.Google Scholar