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The Divided Nations in the International System

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2011

Joungwon Alexander Kim  and
Carolyn Campbell Kim
Joungwon Alexander Kim
Affiliation:
Research Fellow (East Asian Legal Studies) at the Law School of Harvard University.
Carolyn Campbell Kim
Affiliation:
Harvard Law School
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Extract

With the seating of the representatives of the People's Republic of China, membership in the United Nations system has now become almost universal. The major exception to the general rule of universality is the exclusion of the divided nations: Germany (combined population: 68,000,000), Korea (combined population: 47,000,000), and Vietnam (combined population: 35,000,000).

None of the divided nations hold membership in die United Nations proper, although all three of the Western-affiliated sectors have been given observer status at the UN.

Type
Research Article
Information
World Politics , Volume 25 , Issue 4 , July 1973 , pp. 479 - 507
Copyright
Copyright © Trustees of Princeton University 1973

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References

** Note: Since this article was written, East Germany has been admitted to UNESCO.

1 The major specialized agencies of the United Nations with which we are concerned include the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Labor Organization (ILO), the Universal Postal Union (UPU), the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the International Development Association (IDA). We have excluded discussion of agencies such as UNICEF which are considered organs of the UN proper, and of minor agencies or those not direcdy affiliated with the United Nations system.

2 Claude, Inis L. Jr, Swords into Plowshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization (New York 1964), 79.Google Scholar

3 Goodspeed, Stephen S., The Nature and Function of International Organization (New York 1959), 401.Google Scholar

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8 Glenn Mower, A. Jr, “Observer Countries: Quasi Members of the United Nations,” International Organization, XX (Spring 1966), 266–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 Ibid., 267.

10 UN Secretariat, Office of Public Information, Press Releases, XVIII (1960), press conference of April 21, 1960, p. 14.

11 United Nations Juridical Yearbook, 1962 (Provisional edition), 236.

** See Note, p. 479.

12 Vietnam was not formally divided until 1954. For dates of admission to the various agencies, see Yearbook of the United Nations, 1948–49 (New York 1950); Yearbook of the United Nations, 1950 (New York 1951); Yearbook of the United Nations, 1951 (New York 1952). [These are hereafter cited as UN Yearbook.]

13 UN General Assembly, Official Records, First Session. Resolutions 63–64 (A/64/ Add.I) (1946).

14 Sohn (fn. 7), 1403.

15 Ibid., 1404.

16 UN General Assembly, Official Records, Fifth Session, Supp. No. 20 (A/1775)Google Scholar, Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly during the period 19 September to 15 December 1950 (New York 1950), 24–25.

17 Jacob, Philip E. and Atherton, Alexine L., The Dynamics of International Organization: The Mailing of World Order (Homewood, Ill. 1965), 20.Google Scholar

18 As quoted in Bishop, William W. Jr, International Law: Cases and Materials, 2nd ed. (Boston 1962), 210.Google Scholar

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20 As cited in Bishop (fn. 18), 283.

21 Sohn, Louis B., ed., Cases on United Nations Law (Brooklyn 1967), 107–8.Google Scholar

22 Ibid., 108.

23 UN Yearbook, 1948–49, 290.

** See Note, p. 479.

24 “Constitution of the World Health Organization,” UN Yearbook, 1946–47, 794.

25 World Health Organization, Official Records of the World Health Organization, No. 110Google Scholar, Fourteenth World Health Assembly, Plenary Meetings, Verbatim Records, Committees Minutes and Reports, New Delhi, 7–24 February 1961 (Geneva 1961), 14 [hereafter cited as WHO Official Records].

26 WHO Official Records, No. 21 (2nd Assembly, June-July 1949, Geneva 1949), 312. Tendi meeting of the Committee on Constitutional Matters.

27 Ibid., 313.

28 Ibid.

29 Ibid., 121–24.

30 Ibid. 122.

31 Ibid., 125.

32 Ibid., 54. Resolution WHA 2.99 Admission of Korea (South).

33 WHO Official Records, No. 28 (3rd Assembly, 8–27 May, 1950, Geneva 1950), 441–45.

34 United Nations Economic and Social Council, Official Records, Twelfth Session, Santiago, Chile, 20 February-21 March 1951Google Scholar (New York 1951), 258.

35 Ibid.

36 WHO Official Records (fn. 25), 345. Fourth meeting of the Committee on Administration, Finance and Legal Matters.

37 Ibid.

38 Ibid., 344.

39 Ibid., 347.

40 Ibid.

41 WHO Official Records, No. 119 (15th Assembly, 8–25 May 1962), Part II (Geneva 1962), 350–52.

42 WHO Official Records, No. 169 (21st Assembly, 6–24 May 1968), Part II (Geneva 1968), 67–68.

43 Ibid.

44 Ibid., 71.

45 Ibid.

46 Ibid.

47 Ibid.

48 Ibid., 66.

49 Ibid., 69.

50 Ibid., 73.

51 Ibid., 69.

52 UN General Assembly (fn. 16), 24–25.

53 Advisory Opinion of the Permanent Court of International Justice, 26 August 1930, Series B, No. 18, as quoted in Sohn, Louis B., Legal Problems of International Administration: Constitutional and Administrative Problems of International Organizations (Cambridge, Mass. 1968), 29.Google Scholar

54 Brierly, J. L., The Law of Nations: An Introduction to the International Law of Peace (New York 1963), 126–27.Google Scholar See also Palmer, Norman D. and Perkins, Howard C., The World Community in Transition, 2nd ed. (Philadelphia 1956), 2–3.Google Scholar

55 Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary (Springfield, Mass. 1953), 559.

56 Brierly (fn. 54), 137.

57 See Kim, Joungwon Alexander, “Soviet Policy in North Korea,” World Politics, XXII (January 1970), 237–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

58 See arguments made by the Soviet Union and Romania in the Twenty-first World Health Assembly on behalf of East German admission, supra.

59 Urban Whitaker, “Chinese Representation in the United Nations,” unpublished research memo, April 1961, based on private interviews with delegates to the UN; cited in Appleton, Sheldon, “The United Nations [China Tangle,]” Pacific Affairs, XXXV (Summer 1962), 160–67.Google Scholar Procedurally, the seating of China instead of its admission as a new state may have been unfortunate in view of the fact that the Republic of China on Taiwan continues to exist and to possess the characteristics of continuing statehood. See Kim, Joungwon Alexander, “A Way Out of the [China Problem]?’ World Affairs, CXXX (October, November, December 1967), 180–85.Google Scholar

60 Sohn (fn. 7), 1424.