Penetration, Translocation, and Metabolism of ¹⁴ C-Difenzoquat in Wild Oat and Barley

Abstract

Foliar penetration of ¹⁴ C-difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1-H-pyrazolium), in the presence of a surfactant, into both wild oat (Avena fatua L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Conquest’), was rapid and continued at a nearly constant rate for 72 hr, the maximum time period studied; 93 and 84% of the applied dose was absorbed by the leaves of wild oat and barley, respectively. Added surfactants at 0.01% to 0.3% and high relative. humidity (RH) greatly enhanced the penetration of the herbicide into wild oat. An increase in temperature from 10 to 30 C resulted in a large increase in penetration. Commercial formulations of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy-benzonitrile) + MCPA {[(4-chloro-O-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid} (1:1, w/w), 2,4-D[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] ester and barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl m-chlorocarbanilate) markedly increased the penetration of ¹⁴C-difenzoquat into wild oat. Amine formulation of 2,4-D, on the other hand, had no effect on penetration. Foliarly-applied ¹⁴ C-difenzoquat rapidly translocated mainly in the acropetal direction. Most of the absorbed ¹⁴C, however, was accumulated in the treated area and a few centimeters above the treated area. There was some basipetal movement, and 24 hr after treatment ¹⁴C was detectable in the roots. Root uptake of ¹⁴C-difenzoquat was very rapid, but upward movement of ¹⁴C was slight, and even 24 hr after treatment most of it was retained by the roots. Chromatographic analysis of plant extracts up to 15 days after treatment with ¹⁴C-difenzoquat revealed no evidence of difenzoquat metabolism by wild oat, barley, and wheat (Triticum vulgare L. ‘Thatcher’). The selective action of difenzoquat in wild oat and barley cannot be accounted for by differences in its foliar penetration, translocation, or metabolism in these species.