Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T14:44:52.587Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Intraspecific Variation in Seed Characteristics of Powell Amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) from Habitats with Contrasting Crop Rotation Histories

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Daniel C. Brainard ,
Antonio DiTommaso  and
Charles L. Mohler
Daniel C. Brainard*
Affiliation:
Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
Antonio DiTommaso
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
Charles L. Mohler
Affiliation:
Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The objectives of this research were to characterize the extent of intraspecifc variation in seed characteristics of Powell amaranth and to evaluate whether such variation was correlated with crop rotation history of the collection sites. We compared characteristics of seeds originating from dairy farms with a corn–alfalfa crop rotation history with seeds originating from farms with a history of intensive vegetable production. We hypothesized that (1) multiple years of perennial alfalfa would select for greater seed dormancy and longevity in seeds of the summer annual Powell amaranth, (2) earlier spring planting dates of corn and alfalfa compared with most vegetable crops would select for earlier emergence, and (3) greater competition and lower soil moisture in the nonirrigated corn–alfalfa rotation would select for greater seed size. Seeds from 10 to 20 plants from each of 10 farms from each habitat were collected in the fall of 2002 and 2003 in central New York. To control for maternal effects on seed dormancy, a second generation of seeds was produced from plants grown under common greenhouse conditions. Germination in petri dishes was greater for second-generation seeds from vegetable farms (46%) than for those from dairy farms (32%). Total emergence following overwinter burial in the field was greater for seeds originating from dairy farms (62%) compared with those from vegetable farms (52%). Neither seed weight nor the rate of emergence varied by habitat of origin. Our results suggest that perennial alfalfa in dairy rotations may have selected for greater dormancy and longevity of Powell amaranth seeds. The large intraspecific variation in seed characteristics observed, underscores the importance of considering multiple populations when making comparisons of germination characteristics across biotyes (e.g., resistant vs. susceptible) or species, or when developing and interpreting models of weed emergence or weed population dynamics.

Keywords

Powell amaranth = green pigweed, Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. AMAPOalfalfa, Medicago sativa L.corn, Zea mays L.Seed dormancymicroevolutionemergencegerminationintraspecific variationecotype
Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 55 , Issue 3 , June 2007 , pp. 218 - 226
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Barrett, S. C. H. and Wilson, B. F. 1983. Colonizing ability in the Echinochloa crus-galli complex (barnyardgrass). II. Seed biology. Can. J. Bot. 61:556–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baskin, C. C. and Baskin, J. M. 1998. Causes of within-species variations in seed dormancy and germination characteristics. Pages 181–237. in. Seeds: Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. New York Academic.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brainard, D. C. and Bellinder, R. R. 2001. Effect of cultivation and interseeded cover crops on weed suppression and cover crop establishment in fall kale and broccoli. British Crop Protection Conference, Weeds—2001 2:321–324.Google Scholar
Brainard, D. C., Bellinder, R. R., and DiTommaso, A. 2005a. Effects of canopy shade on the morphology, phenology, and seed characteristics of Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii). Weed Sci. 53:175–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brainard, D. C., DiTommaso, A., and Mohler, C. L. 2006. Intraspecific variation in germination response to ammonium nitrate of Amaranthus powellii originating from organic versus conventional vegetable farms. Weed Sci. 54:435–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brainard, D. C., DiTommaso, A., and Setter, T. L. 2005b. Effects of maternal drought and nitrogen stress on seed germination of two populations of Powell amaranth. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr. 45:179.Google Scholar
Bussan, A. J. and Boerboom, C. M. 2001. Modeling the integrated management of velvetleaf in a corn–soybean rotation. Weed Sci. 49:31–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardina, J. E., Regnier, E., and Harrison, K. 1991. Long-term tillage effects on seed banks in three Ohio soils. Weed Sci. 39:186–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardina, J., Regnier, E., and Sparrow, D. 1995. Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) competition and economic thresholds in conventional and no-tillage corn (Zea mays). Weed Sci. 43:81–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clements, D. R., DiTommaso, A., Jordan, N., Booth, B. D., Cardina, J., Doohan, D., Mohler, C. L., Murphy, S. D., and Swanton, C. J. 2004. Adaptability of plants invading North American cropland. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 104:379–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costea, M., Weaver, S. E., and Tardif, F. J. 2004. The biology of Canadian weeds. 130. Amaranthus retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Watson and A. hybridus L. (update). Can. J. Plant Sci. 84:631–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cousens, R., Gill, G. S., and Jane, E. 1997. Comment: number of sample populations required to determine the effects of herbicide resistance on plant growth and fitness. Weed Res. 37:1–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cousens, R. and Mortimer, M. 1995. Dynamics of Weed Populations. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, A. S. and Renner, K. A. 2005. Seed depth placement and soil fungal pathogens affect fatal germination of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Abstr. 45:61.Google Scholar
Dieleman, A., Hamill, A. S., Weise, S. F., and Swanton, C. J. 1995. Empirical models of pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) interference in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Sci. 43:612–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forcella, F. 1998. Real-time assessment of seed dormancy and seedling growth for weed management. Seed Sci. Res. 8:201–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R. A. and Cavers, P. B. 1975. The ecology of pigweeds (Amaranthus) in Ontario. I. Interspecific and intraspecific variation in seed germination among local collections of A. powellii and A. retroflexus . Can. J. Bot. 53:1276–1284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, K. L. and Renner, K. A. 1989. A new method for estimating seed numbers in the soil. Weed Sci. 37:836–839.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grundy, A. C. 2003. Predicting weed emergence: a review of approaches and future challenges. Weed Res. 43:1–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gutterman, Y. 2000. Maternal effects on seeds during development. Pages 59–84. in Fenner, M. ed. Seeds: The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities. 2nd ed. New York CABI Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kidson, R. and Westoby, M. 2000. Seed mass and seedling dimensions in relation to seedling establishment. Oecologia. 125:11–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kigel, J., Ofir, M., and Koller, D. 1977. Control of the germination responses of Amaranthus retroflexus L. seeds by their parental photothermal environment. J. Exp. Bot. 28:1125–1136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kremer, R. J. 1993. Management of weed seed banks with microorganisms. Ecol. Appl. 3:42–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linhart, Y. B. 1974. Intra-population differentiation in annual plants. 1. Veronica peregrina L. raised under non-competitve conditions. Evolution. 28:232–243.Google Scholar
Mayor, J-P. and Dessaint, F. 1998. Influence of weed management strategies on soil seedbank diversity. Weed Res. 38:95–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McWilliams, E. L., Landers, R. Q., and Mahlstede, J. P. 1968. Variation in seed weight and germination in populations of Amaranthus retroflexus L. Ecology. 49:290–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menalled, F. D., Gross, K. L., and Hammond, M. 2001. Weed aboveground and seedbank community responses to agricultural management systems. Ecol. Appl. 11:1586–1601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohler, C. L. and Callaway, B. M. 1995. Effects of tillage and mulch on weed seed production and seed banks in sweet corn. J. Appl. Ecol. 32:627–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mohler, C. L. and Galford, A. E. 1997. Weed seedling emergence and seed survival: separating the effects of seed position and soil modification by tillage. Weed Res. 37:147–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mortimer, A. M. 1997. Phenological adaptation in weeds—an evolutionary response to the use of herbicides. Pestic. Sci. 51:299–304.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, M. W., Curran, W. S., VanGessel, M. J., Calvin, D. D., Mortensen, D. A., Majek, B. A., Karsten, H. D., and Roth, G. W. 2004. Predicting weed emergence for eight annual species in the northeastern United States. Weed Sci. 52:913–919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naylor, J. M. and Jana, S. 1976. Genetic adaptation for seed dormancy in Avena fatua . Can. J. Bot. 54:306–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omami, E. N., Haigh, A. M., Medd, R. W., and Nicol, H. I. 1999. Changes in germinability, dormancy and viability of Amaranthus retroflexus as affected by depth and duration of burial. Weed Res. 39:345–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, M. 1996. Evolutionary ecology of seed dormancy and seed size. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 351:1299–1308.Google Scholar
Rice, K. J. and Emery, N. C. 2003. Managing microevolution: restoration in the face of global change. Front. Ecol. Environ. 1:469–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salisbury, E. J. 1942. The Reproductive Capacity of Plants. London G. Bell and Sons.Google Scholar
SAS Institute 2001. SAS/STAT User's Guide Version 8-1. Cary, NC SAS Institute. 1030.Google Scholar
Sawma, J. T. and Mohler, C. L. 2002. Evaluating seed viability by an unimbibed seed crush test with comparison to the tetrazolium test. Weed Technol. 16:781–786.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schimpf, D. J. 1977. Seed weight of Amaranthus retroflexus in relation to moisture and length of growing season. Ecology. 58:450–453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schweizer, E. E. and Zimdahl, R. L. 1984. Amaranthus powellii interference in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris). Weed Sci. 33:518–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senesac, A. F. 1985. Aspects of the biology and control of pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) in New York. Ph.D. dissertation. Ithaca, NY Cornell University.Google Scholar
Sosnoskie, L. M., Herms, C. P., and Cardina, J. 2006. Weed seedbank community composition in a 35-yr-old tillage and rotation experiment. Weed Sci. 54:263–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steckel, L. E., Sprague, C. L., Stoller, E. W., and Wax, L. M. 2004. Temperature effects on germination of nine Amaranthus species. Weed Sci. 52:217–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swinton, S. M. and King, R. P. 1994. A bioeconomic model for weed management in corn and soybean. Agric. Syst. 44:313–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tardif, F. J., Rajcan, I., and Costea, M. 2006. A mutation in the herbicide target site acetohydroxyacid synthase produces morphological and structural alterations and reduces fitness in Amaranthus powellii . New Phytol. 169:251–264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Templeton, A. R. and Levin, D. A. 1979. Evolutionary consequences of seed pools. Am. Nat. 114:232–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilman, D. 1988. Plant Strategies and the Dynamics and Structure of Plant Communities. Monographs in Population Biology 26. Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Weaver, S. E. 1984. Differential growth and competitive ability of Amaranthus retroflexus, A. powellii and A. hybridus . Can. J. Plant Sci. 64:715–724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, S. E. and Thomas, A. G. 1986. Germination responses to temperature of atrazine-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of two pigweed (Amaranthus) species. Weed Sci. 34:865–870.CrossRefGoogle Scholar