Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-04T18:26:56.907Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Effect of Nutrients and Smoke Solutions on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Laxman S. Kandari ,
Manoj G. Kulkarni  and
Johannes Van Staden
Laxman S. Kandari
Affiliation:
Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
Manoj G. Kulkarni
Affiliation:
Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
Johannes Van Staden*
Affiliation:
Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
*
Corresponding author's E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Solanum viarum, commonly known as tropical soda apple (TSA), is native to Brazil and Argentina but has become a harmful weed in many countries with tropical climates. This study was conducted to reassess the seed biology of TSA found in South Africa. Cold stratification (14 d), acid scarification (20% H2SO4 for 5 min), and sandpaper scarification (30 s) significantly improved percentage germination when compared to the control. The highest germination (99.5%) was achieved when seeds were germinated in 50% Hoagland's nutrient solution (HS). The lowest germination (66%) was recorded in the absence of phosphorus (P) under alternating light conditions. HS without nitrogen (N) completely inhibited seed germination of TSA under constant light conditions. These findings are useful in controlling TSA by amending the levels of N and P in soils. Seed germination of TSA was significantly enhanced by different concentrations of smoke-water and butenolide solution. Smoke-water dilution of 1:500 v/v and butenolide concentration of 10−8M showed the highest seedling vigor indices (6,688 and 6,666, respectively) in comparison to the control (1,251) and gibberellic acid (GA3) concentrations (< 5,327). These findings suggest that germination of seeds or seedbanks of TSA might be successfully stimulated using smoke solutions. Subsequently, patches of seedlings emerging after treatment can be mechanically uprooted to reduce the infestation of TSA. However, justifying this with field trials is essential.

Keywords

Tropical Soda AppleSolanum viarum Dunal SOLVISeed germinationseedling growthnutrientsmoke-waterbutenolide
Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 59 , Issue 4 , December 2011 , pp. 470 - 475
Copyright
Copyright © Weed Science Society of America 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Literature Cited

Adkins, S. W. and Peters, N. C. B. 2001. Smoke derived from burnt vegetation stimulates germination of arable weeds. Seed Sci. Res. 11:213–222.Google Scholar
Ahmed, A. K., Johnson, K. A., Burchett, M. D., and Kenny, B. J. 2006. The effects of heat, smoke, leaching, scarification, temperature and NaCl salinity on the germination of Solanum centrale (the Australian bush tomato). Seed Sci. Technol. 34:33–45.Google Scholar
Akanda, R. U., Mullahey, J. J., and Shilling, D. G. 1996. Environmental factors affecting germination of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum). Weed Sci. 44:570–574.Google Scholar
Albin, C. L. 1994. Non-indigenous plant species find a home in mined lands. In: Ecological restoration of lands infested with non-indigenous plant species Pages 252–253 in Schmitz, D. C. and Brown, T. C., eds. An Assessment of Non-indigenous Species in Florida's Public Lands. Tallahassee, FL Florida Department of Environmental Protection Rep TSS-94-100.Google Scholar
Baxter, B. J. M., Van Staden, J., Granger, J. E., and Brown, N. A. C. 1994. Plant-derived smoke and smoke extracts stimulate seed germination of the fire-climax grass Themeda triandra Forssk. Environ. Exp. Bot. 34:217–223.Google Scholar
Brown, W. F., Mullahey, J. J., and Akanda, R. U. 1996. Survivability of tropical soda apple seed in the gastro-intestinal tract of cattle. Pages 35–39 in Proceedings of the Tropical Soda Apple Symposium. Gainesville, FL University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agriculture Science.Google Scholar
Bryson, C. T., Byrd, J. D. Jr., and Westbrooks, R. G. 1995. Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) in the United States. Mississippi State, MS Department of Agriculture and Commerce, Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin. 2 p.Google Scholar
Call, N. M. and Coble, H. D. 1998. Phosphorus effects on tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal) growth and development. Proc. South. Weed Sci. Soc. 51:224–245.Google Scholar
Chiwocha, S. D. S., Dixon, K. W., Flematti, G. R., Ghisalberti, E. L., Merritt, D. J., Nelson, D. C., Riseborough, J-A. M., Smith, S. M., and Stevens, J. C. 2009. Karrikins: a new family of plant growth regulators in smoke. Plant Sci. 177:252–256.Google Scholar
Coile, N. C. 1993. Tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal. The plant from hell (Solanaceae). Gainesville, FL Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. 4 p.Google Scholar
Daws, M. I., Davies, J., Pritchard, H. W., Brown, N. A. C., and Van Staden, J. 2007. Butenolide from plant-derived smoke enhances germination and seedling growth of arable weed species. Plant Growth Regul. 51:73–82.Google Scholar
Daws, M. I., Pritchard, H. W., and Van Staden, J. 2008. Butenolide from plant-derived smoke functions as a strigolactone analogue: evidence from parasitic weed seed germination. S. Afr. J. Bot. 74:116–120.Google Scholar
Dhindwal, A. S., Lather, B. P. S., and Singh, J. 1991. Efficacy of seed treatment on germination, seedling emergence and vigor of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) genotypes. Seed Res. 19:59–61.Google Scholar
Duncan, C. A. 2005. Tropical soda apple-Solanum viarum Dunal. Pages 188–197 in Duncan, C. L. and Clark, J. K., eds. Invasive Plants of Range and Wildlands and Their Environmental, Economic, and Societal Impacts. Lawrence, KS Weed Science Society of America.Google Scholar
Easton, L. C. and Kleindorfer, S. 2009. Effects of salinity levels and seed mass on germination in Australian species of Frankenia L. (Frankeniaceae). Environ. Exp. Bot. 65:345–352.Google Scholar
Finch-Savage, W. E., Cadman, C. S., Toorop, P. E., Lynn, J. R., and Hilhorst, H. W. 2007. Seed dormancy release in Arabidopsis Cvi by dry after-ripening, low temperature, nitrate and light shows common quantitative patterns of gene expression directed by environmentally specific sensing. Plant J. 51:60–78.Google Scholar
Flematti, G. R., Ghisalberti, E. L., Dixon, K. W., and Trengove, R. D. 2004. A compound from smoke that promotes seed germination. Science. 305:977.Google Scholar
Freeland, P. W. 1976. Tests for the viability of seeds. J. Biol. Edu. 10:57–64.Google Scholar
Hoagland, D. R. and Snyder, W. C. 1933. Nutrition of strawberry plants under controlled conditions. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 30:288–296.Google Scholar
Kochankov, V. G., Grzesik, M., Chojnowski, M., and Nowak, J. 1998. Effect of temperature, growth regulators and other chemicals on Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench seed germination and seedling survival. Seed Sci. Technol. 26:547–554.Google Scholar
Kulkarni, M. G., Ascough, G. D., and Van Staden, J. 2007. Effects of foliar applications of smoke-water and a smoke-isolated butenolide on seedling growth of okra and tomato. HortScience. 42:179–182.Google Scholar
Kulkarni, M. G., Ascough, G. D., and Van Staden, J. 2008. Smoke-water and a smoke-isolated butenolide improve growth and yield of tomatoes under greenhouse conditions. HortTechnology. 18:449–454.Google Scholar
Kulkarni, M. G., Sparg, S. G., Light, M. E., and Van Staden, J. 2006. Stimulation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling vigour by smoke-water and butenolide. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 192:395–398.Google Scholar
Light, M. E., Daws, M. I., and Van Staden, J. 2009. Smoke-derived butenolide: towards understanding its biological effects. S. Afr. J. Bot. 75:1–7.Google Scholar
McGovern, R. J., Polston, J. E., and Mullahey, J. J. 1994. Solanum viarum: weed reservoir of plant viruses in Florida. Int. J. Pest Mgmt. 40:270–273.Google Scholar
Medal, J., Overholt, W., Stansly, P., et al. 2002. Classical Biological Control of Tropical Soda Apple in the USA. Gainesville, FL University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Entomology and Nematology Department ENY-824. 4 p.Google Scholar
Mullahey, J. J. 1996. Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal), a biological pollutant threatening Florida. Castanea. 61:225–260.Google Scholar
Mullahey, J. J. and Colvin, D. L. 1996. Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum Dunal) in Florida. Gainesville, FL University of Florida, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science SS-AGR-50.Google Scholar
Mullahey, J. J. and Cornell, J. 1994. Biology of tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) an introduced weed in Florida. Weed Technol. 8:465–469.Google Scholar
Mullahey, J. J., Nee, M., Wunderlin, R. P., and Delaney, K. R. 1993. Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum): a weed threat in subtropical regions. Weed Technol. 7:783–786.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, E. A., Aguiar, I. B., and Sader, R. 1990. Treatments to break seed dormancy in Cassia sp. Revista Brasileira de Sementes. 12:17–27.Google Scholar
Suryawanshi, Y. B., Patil, R. B., and Moholkar, N. D. 2001. Study on seed germination procedures in some medicinal plant species. Seed Res. 29:141–144.Google Scholar
Taab, A. and Andersson, L. 2009. Seasonal changes in seed dormancy of Solanum nigrum and Solanum physalifolium . Weed Res. 49:90–97.Google Scholar
Trenholm, L. E., Sturgis, A. K., Ninaji, A., Gallaher, R. N., Akanda, R. U., and Mullahey, J. J. 1995. Growth and Nutrient Accumulation in Tropical Soda Apple (Solanum viarum Dunal). Gainesville, FL University of Florida, Department of Agronomy Rep AY-95-04. 27 p.Google Scholar
Van Staden, J., Brown, N. A. C., Jäger, A. K., and Johnson, T. A. 2000. Smoke as germination cue. Plant Species Biol. 15:167–178.Google Scholar
Van Staden, J., Jäger, A. K., Light, M. E., and Burger, B. V. 2004. Isolation of the major germination cue from plant-derived smoke. S. Afr. J. Bot. 70:654–659.Google Scholar
Van Staden, J., Sparg, S. G., Kulkarni, M. G., and Light, M. E. 2006. Post germination effects of the smoke-derived compound 3-methyl-2H-furo[2,3-c]pyran-2-one, and its potential as a preconditioning agent. Field Crops Res. 98:98–105.Google Scholar
Waggy, M. A. 2009. Solanum viarum . In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/solvia/all.html. Accessed: January 15, 2010.Google Scholar
Weber, E. 2003. Invasive Plants Species of the World: A Reference Guide to Environmental Weeds. Cambridge, MA CABI Publishing. 548 p.Google Scholar