This journal is an open access journal in which all research articles are published as Gold Open Access under a Creative Commons licence. This enables anyone to access and redistribute the content and, depending upon the licence, re-use the content in new or derivative works with attribution. The terms of re-use for Gold Open Access content are stated in the copyright line of the article. Non-research material is not, by default, published Gold Open Access. 

Research articles typically include original articles, review articles, brief communications, case reports, and other such publications. Non-research articles typically include book reviews, editorials, letters, article commentaries, and other such publications. If you have questions about what article types are considered research, please check the author instructions.

Social Sharing

This journal participates in Cambridge Core Share, an initiative that allows a read-only version of a final published PDF (the Version of Record) to be shared and easily accessed by anyone. Core Share links, and Core Share PDFs containing the links, can be freely shared on social media sites and scholarly collaboration networks to enhance both the impact and discoverability of research. 

Preprint policy

A preprint is an early version of an article prior to the version accepted for publication in a journal. This journal allows preprints to be posted anywhere at any time, including before submission to the journal. For more information, see the Cambridge University Press preprint policy.

Authors may choose any of the six Creative Commons licences when publishing Gold Open Access in this journal.

Open access funding

Research articles

Gold Open Access publication of research articles in this journal is paid for through a series of different funding routes designed to ensure that every author, irrespective of their circumstances, can publish in the journal and enjoy the benefits of Gold OA. The costs of publishing a research article Gold Open Access are typically covered in one of the following ways:

• If the corresponding author is affiliated with an institution with which Cambridge University Press has an open access publishing agreement, in the majority of cases this will cover the full costs of publication (specific terms and conditions vary) and Cambridge will liaise directly with the institution to determine eligibility and secure this funding. Authors can use our eligibility checker to see if their institution has an active agreement.
• The Cambridge Open Equity Initiative (COEI) funds Gold OA publishing for authors from over 100 low- and middle-income countries, covering over 5,000 institutions. Eligibility is automatically established during the publication process and no Gold OA fees will be charged if the corresponding author of a research article is based in one of these countries.
• If the research behind the article was funded by a grant or arrangement with a funding body that supports the payment of article processing charges (APCs), authors are asked to pay an APC out of those funds.
• Authors from low- and middle-income countries who are not covered by an institutional open access agreement or the Cambridge Open Equity Initiative may be eligible for support under the Research4Life scheme. Corresponding authors of research articles based in 'Group A’ countries will automatically have APC costs waived entirely, and authors based in ‘Group B’ countries will automatically receive a 50% discount on an article’s APC.
• In other cases, this journal also grants discounts and waivers on a discretionary basis for any authors not covered by the options above. Authors can request a discount or discretionary waiver by filling out a waiver request form after their article has been accepted.

Prospective authors should submit with full confidence, knowing that no author will face a financial barrier to publication in this journal.

Please note that the decision whether to accept a paper for publication will rest solely with the Editor, and without reference to the funding situation of the authors. The Editor, editorial board members, and reviewers will have no involvement with the billing of APCs and cannot grant discretionary waivers.

Please check the fees and pricing page for details of this journal’s charges, and our central APC page for further information such as APC refund policies.

Non-research articles

By default non-research articles in this journal are not published Gold Open Access, and no fee is required. You may choose to publish a non-research article as Gold Open Access, but a fee will be charged and your article will not be eligible for coverage by institutional agreements, COEI, or other waivers or discounts.