Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T17:45:53.015Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Opening up the suburbs: workmen's trains in London 1860–1914

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 August 2014

SIMON T. ABERNETHY*
Affiliation:
Emmanuel College, St Andrews Street, Cambridge, CB2 3AP, UK

Abstract:

This article examines the role played by workmen's trains in allowing working-class families to move out into London's suburbs between 1860 and 1914. While previous scholarship has argued that these trains effectively only benefited skilled artisans or a working-class elite, it is argued here that from the 1880s onwards they were increasingly used by unskilled workers in irregular employment. Furthermore, they were also used by women and children earning low wages in subsidiary employment. Ultimately, it is demonstrated that a much broader spectrum of the working class were living in the suburbs and commuting than has been previously supposed.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 House of Commons, Royal Commission on London Traffic, vol. III (House of Commons Parliamentary Papers (Cd 2752), 1906), Table 1, 126. Outer London is the area outside the County of London and within the boundary of Greater London, see Figure 1.

2 House of Lords Debates, vol. 161, col. 1073, 28 Feb. 1861, Metropolitan Railways – Displacement of Labourers.

3 House of Commons, Report from the Select Committee on Artizans’ and Labourers’ Dwelling; Together with the Proceedings of the Committee, Minutes of Evidence, and Appendix (House of Commons Parliamentary Papers (232), 1882), 159.

4 Dyos, H.J., ‘Workmen's fares in south London, 1860–1914’, in Cannadine, D. and Reeder, D. (eds.), Exploring the Urban Past: Essays in Urban History by H.J. Dyos (Cambridge, 1982), 8990Google Scholar.

5 Ibid., 90.

6 Polasky, J., Reforming Urban Labour: Routes to the City, Roots in the Country (Ithaca, 2010), 175Google Scholar.

7 Jones, G. Stedman, Outcast London (Oxford, 1971), 208, 209, 217Google Scholar.

8 Ibid.

9 Rodger, R., Housing in Urban Britain 1780–1914 (Cambridge, 1995), 57Google Scholar.

10 House of Commons, Report of the London Traffic Branch of the Board of Trade (House of Commons Parliamentary Papers (Cd 4379), 1908), 35; House of Commons, Report of the London Traffic Branch of the Board of Trade. 1913 (House of Commons Parliamentary Papers (Cd 7190), 1914), 100.

11 London Metropolitan Archives (LMA), CL/HSG/01/081, Court of the Railway and Canal Commission, Workmen's Trains Great Eastern Railway, Romford Line and Loughton Branch, the London County Council and Others, the Great Eastern Railway and Others. Minutes and Proceedings and Judgement 1911, 101, 107.

12 Lee, C.E., Passenger Class Distinctions (London, 1946), 51Google Scholar.

13 House of Commons, Railways Workmen's Trains on Metropolitan Lines (House of Commons Parliamentary Papers (C 7541), 1894), 59.

14 LMA/CL/HSG/01/079, Court of the Railway and Canal Commission, In re Cheap Trains Act, 1883, London Reform Union and the Great Eastern Railway 1899, 175.

15 House of Commons, Railway Passenger Duty, &c. A Bill to Amend the Law relating to Railway Passenger Duty, and to Amend and Consolidate the Law relating to the Conveyance of the Queen's Forces by Railway (House of Commons Parliamentary Papers (219), 1883).

16 House of Commons, Workmen's Trains. Return to an Order of the Honourable the House of Commons, Dated 12 August 1903 (House of Commons Parliamentary Papers (347) 1903).

17 House of Commons, Report from the Select Committee on Artizans’ and Labourers’ Dwellings, 90.

18 Cited in LMA/CL/HSG/01/079, London Reform Union and the Great Eastern Railway 1899, 146.

19 Board of Trade, Notes of Conference between the London County Council and Representatives of the Railway Companies Having Termini in the Metropolis (House of Commons Parliamentary Papers (C 7542), 1894), 19.

20 London County Council, London Statistics, vols. XVI–XXI (London, 1906–11). Based on the general rate charged consisting of the County, Education, Equalization, Police, Asylum Board, Common Poor Fund and unemployment rates.

21 The National Archives (TNA), MT/6/1547/2, Board of Trade, Statement Showing the Number of Workmen's Daily Tickets Issued on the Various Metropolitan Lines during 1882, 1889, 1893, 1896, and 1899 (Weekly Tickets Counted as 6 Daily Tickets).

22 TNA, MT/6/1547/2, Board of Trade, Workmen's Trains: Select Committee, House of Commons 1903, Notes on Sir F. Hopwood's Evidence.

23 Polasky, Reforming Urban Labour, 85.

24 House of Commons, Royal Commission on London Traffic, vol. III, Table 34, 166–7. Terminals serving the eastern and north-eastern suburbs are Liverpool Street, Fenchurch Street, Broad Street and Mansion House.

25 Stedman Jones, Outcast London, 323.

26 Wohl, A.S., ‘The housing of the working classes in London 1815–1914’, in Chapman, S.D. (ed.), The History of Working-Class Housing: A Symposium (Newton Abbot, 1971), 17Google Scholar.

27 LMA/HSG/01/081, Workmen's Trains Great Eastern Railway, Romford Line and Loughton Branch 1911, 28.

28 Ibid., 105, 121.

29 Ibid., 109, 115, 121.

30 LMA/LCC/MIN/7368, Court of the Railway and Canal Commission, In the Matter of the Cheap Trains Act 1883: London Reform Union and Great Northern and North London Railway Companies, National Association for the Extension of Workmen's Trains and Great Northern Railway Company, 37.

31 LMA/CL/HSG/01/079, London Reform Union and the Great Eastern Railway 1899, 36.

32 Real wages fell in the Edwardian period, so the real increase in the average wage on 1899 might be smaller than it appears. Floud, R.C., ‘Britain 1860–1914: a survey’, in Floud, R.C. and Johnson, P. (eds.), The Economic History of Britain since 1700, vol. II (Cambridge, 1983), 2Google Scholar.

33 House of Commons, Royal Commission on London Traffic, vol. III, Appendix 80, 810.

34 House of Commons, Report of the London Traffic Branch of the Board of Trade. 1913 (House of Commons Parliamentary Papers (Cd 7190), 1914), Appendix B XIII, 82.

35 LMA/LCC/MIN/7368, London Reform Union and Great Northern and North London Railway Companies, 34.

36 LMA/HSG/01/081, Workmen's Trains Great Eastern Railway, Romford Line and Loughton Branch 1911, 109, 112, 119.

37 Loane, M.E., From their Point of View (London, 1908), 52. Cited in Tilly, L.A. and Scott, J.W., Women, Work, and Family (London, 1987), 105Google Scholar.

38 LMA/HSG/01/081, Workmen's Trains Great Eastern Railway, Romford line and Loughton Branch 1911, 41.

39 Tilly and Scott, Women, Work, and Family, 176 and 178.

40 Roberts, E., A Woman's Place: An Oral History of Working-Class Women 1890–1940 (Oxford, 1984), 39Google Scholar.

41 LMA/CL/HSG/01/079, London Reform Union and the Great Eastern Railway 1899, 24.

42 Tilly and Scott, Women, Work, and Family, 144.

43 Roberts, E., Women's Work 1840–1940 (Cambridge, 1995), 36Google Scholar.

44 LMA/CL/HSG/01/079, London Reform Union and the Great Eastern Railway 1899, 88.

45 House of Commons, Report from the Select Committee on Artizans’ and Labourers’ Dwellings, 148.

46 Dyos, H.J. and Reeder, D.A., ‘Slums and suburbs’, in Dyos, H.J. and Wolff, M. (eds.), The Victorian City: Images and Realities, vol. I (London, 1973), 368Google Scholar.

47 LMA/CL/HSG/1/79, London County Council, Workmen's Train Inquiry; North London Railway, 1901, 3.

48 LMA/CL/HSG/01/079, London Reform Union and the Great Eastern Railway 1899, 33.

49 Enfield Chronicle, 24 Mar. 1899. Tickets were issued for the week on specific trains.

50 LMA/LCC/MIN/7368, London Reform Union and Great Northern and North London Railway Companies, 37.

51 Board of Trade, Notes of Conference between the London County Council and Representatives of the Railway Companies, 16.

52 Lewis, J., ‘Introduction: reconstructing women's experience of home and family’, in Lewis, J. (ed.), Labour and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family, 1850–1940 (New York, 1989), 7Google Scholar.

53 LMA/CL/HSG/01/079, London Reform Union and the Great Eastern Railway 1899, 94.

54 Ibid., 33.

55 Ibid., 32.

56 LMA/LCC/MIN/7368, London Reform Union and Great Northern and North London Railway Companies, 39.

57 LMA/CL/HSG/01/079, London Reform Union and the Great Eastern Railway 1899, 20.

58 Board of Trade, An Alleged Necessity for the Provision of Later Cheap Trains for Workwomen (House of Commons Parliamentary Papers (C 7657), 1895), 5.

59 Ibid., 9.

60 House of Commons, Royal Commission on London Traffic, vol. II (House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, (Cd 2751), 1906), 799.

61 Polasky, Reforming Urban Labour, 171.

62 House of Commons, First Report of Her Majesties Commissioners for Inquiring into the Housing of the Working Classes, 345.

63 LMA/CL/HSG/01/079, London Reform Union and the Great Eastern Railway 1899, 38.

64 Kellett, J.R., The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (London, 1969), 377Google Scholar.

65 LMA/CL/HSG/01/079. Information given for certain branches of the Great Northern, Great Eastern, Midland, London, Tilbury & Southend, London, Brighton & South Coast, London & South Western, London & North Western, and North London Railways.

66 Zimmeck, M., ‘Jobs for girls: the expansion of clerical work for women, 1850–1914’, in John, A.V. (ed.), Unequal Opportunities: Women's Employment in England 1800–1918 (Oxford, 1986), 154Google Scholar.

67 Stedman Jones, Outcast London, 208.

68 House of Commons Debates, vol. 165, col. 832, 29 Jun. 1922.

69 Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities, 376, 377.

70 Booth, C., Life and Labour of the People in London, vol. I (London, 1903), 3362Google Scholar.

71 LMA/HSG/01/081, Workmen's Trains Great Eastern Railway, Romford Line and Loughton Branch 1911, 119. Though, ironically, many of these districts soon became built up themselves.