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Bacaudae: A Reconsideration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 July 2016

Clifford E. Minor
Clifford E. Minor*
Affiliation:
California State University, Chico
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Extract

The insurrectionists of Gaul and Spain who were known as the Bacaudae/Bagaudae constitute one of the more intriguing yet obscure anti-Roman resistance movements of the later Roman Empire. Establishing the correct spelling and meaning of their name may help in identifying them. Many scholars have concluded that ‘Bagaudae' is the correct form because of its association with the Celtic root bág (fight) and the fact that the Bacaudae were ‘warriors' or ‘fighters' whom the Romans regarded as ‘rebels'. Here it will be argued that the form ‘Bacaudae' precedes the form ‘Bagaudae' and that all hypotheses about the Bacaudae based on G-form of their name must be revised.

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Miscellany
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Traditio , Volume 51 , 1996 , pp. 297 - 307
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Copyright © 1996 by Fordham University 

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References

page 297 note 1 The bibliography on the Bacaudae is extensive. Recent studies include John Drinkwater, F., “Peasants and Bagaudae in Roman Gaul,” Échos du monde classique (Classical Views) 28 (1984): 349–71; idem, “Patronage in Roman Gaul and the Problem of the Bagaudae,” in Patronage in Ancient Society, ed. Andrew Wallace-Hadrill (London, 1989), 189–203; idem, “The Bacaudae of Fifth-Century Gaul,” in Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity? ed. John Drinkwater, F. and Elton, Hugh (Cambridge, 1992), 208–17; Raymond Van Dam, Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul (Berkeley, 1985), chap. 3, “The Bagaudae: Center and Periphery, A.D. 250–450,” 25–56; and Philippe Badot and Daniel De Decker, “La naissance du mouvement Bagaude,” Klio 74 (1992): 324–70. For earlier bibliography, see Clifford Minor, E., “ ‘Bagaudae’ or ‘Bacaudae’?” Traditio 31 (1975): 318–22, esp. 318 n. 1. The author is grateful to Ernst Badian for his encouragement and advice in the preparation of this article. The views, deficiencies, and errors of the work, however, are entirely the responsibility of the author.Google Scholar

The following references are used throughout: Badot and De Decker = Badot and De Decker, “La naissance du mouvement Bagaude” (see above); Baudot = Marcel Baudot, “Histoire de l'abbaye des Fossés des origines à l'année 925. Examen critique des sources narratives et diplomatiques” (thesis, École nationale des Chartes; Paris, 1925): I thank Claire Berche, Director of the Archives départementales du Val-de-Marne, for helping me locate Baudot's thesis; BAV = Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana; Czúth = Béla Czúth, Die Quellen der Geschichte der Bagauden. Acta antiqua et archaeologica. Acta Universitatis de Attila József nominatae. Minora opera ad philologiam classicam et archaeologiam pertinentia 9 (Szeged, 1965); Dümmler = Ernst Dümmler, Sigebert's von Gembloux Passio sanctae Luciae virginis und Passio sanctorum Thebeorum, Phil.-hist. Abhandlungen d. kgl. Preuss. Ak. d. Wiss. zu Berlin (Berlin, 1893); MGH AA = MGH Auctores Antiquissimi.Google Scholar

page 298 note 2 Sigebert of Gembloux De passione sanctorum Thebeorum 1.61–66 (Dümmler, 49–50): “Hos seu Bachaudas dicamus sive Bagaudas, / Nanque in codicibus nostris utrunque videmus. / Si vis Bachaudas, dic a bachando Bagaudas; / Mutans cognatis cognata elementa elementis, / Dic ita, si censes audacter ubique vagantes. / Aut dic Bacaudas bellis audendo vacantes.” I am grateful to Paul Pascal, University of Washington, Seattle, for his advice about the meaning of this passage.Google Scholar

page 298 note 3 Aurelius Victor Caesares 39.17; cf. Orosius Historiarum adversum Paganos 7.25.2.Google Scholar

page 298 note 4 Zeuss, Johann K., Grammatica Celtica, 2nd ed. (Berlin, 1871), 16; Seeck, O., “Bagaudae,” RE 2:2766; Alfred Holder, “Bagaudae,” in Alt-celtischer Sprachshatz (Leipzig, 1896; reprint Graz, 1961), 1:329–30; Georges Dottin, La langue gauloise (Paris, 1920), 230; Alois Walde, Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Sprachen (Berlin, 1927), 2:130, s.v. “Bhagh-,” Samuel Szádeczky-Kardoss, RE Suppl. 11 (1968), 347, s.v. “Bagaudae”; Nora Chadwick, Early Brittany (Cardiff, 1969), 152.Google Scholar

page 298 note 5 Holder, Alt-celtischer Sprachshatz, 329–30.Google Scholar

page 298 note 6 Ibid.; Minor, “ ‘Bagaudae’ or ‘Bacaudae’?” 320–22; Lellia Cracco Ruggini, “Bagaudi e santi innocenti: un'avventura fra demonizzaione e martirio,” in Tria corda: Scritti in onore di Arnaldo Momigliano, ed. Emilio Gabba (Como, 1983), 126, n. 7; Gonzalo Bravo Castañeda, “Acta Bagaudica (I): Sobre quiénes eran ‘bagaudas’ y su posible identificación en los textos tardios,” Gerion 2 (1984): 251–64, esp. 262; Heinz Heinen, Trier und das Trevererland in römischer Zeit (Trier, 1985), 320.Google Scholar

page 298 note 7 Seeck, “Bagaudae,” 2766; Joshua Whatmough, The Dialects of Ancient Gaul (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), s.v. “bagaudae,” 549.Google Scholar

page 298 note 8 Jullian, Camille, Histoire de la Gaule, 8 vols. (Paris, 1908–26), 7:52, n. 2; Lambert, A., “Bagaudes,” DHGE 6:192–93; Marcel Leglay, “Bagaudes,” Der kleine Pauly 1:805. André Loyen (Recherches historiques sur les panégyriques de Sidoine Apollinaire [Paris, 1942], 15) connects vagi with the uargi (also Vargi) of Sidonius Apollinaris (Ep. 6.4.1), whom Loyen describes as errants (wanderers). In the Loeb edition of Sidonius's poems and letters, Anderson, W. B. identifies Sidonius's “Vargi” with “a Teutonic word meaning outlaw or exile” (Poems and Letters, 2 vols. [Cambridge, Mass., 1936–65], 2:260 n. 1). Jules Michelet notes the Greek verb βαγεύειν, to roam or wander, in Histoire de France, 18 vols. (Paris, 1871), 1:279, n. 20; Du Cange, 1:522, s.v. “Bagaudae.” In his edition of Zosimus's Historia nova, François Paschoud notes that “la racine est sans doute celtique, et le mot signifie à l'origine ‘vagabond’ ou ‘combattant’ ” (Histoire nouvelle, 3 vols. [Paris, 1971–89], 3.2:27, n. 118). Drinkwater (“Peasants and Bagaudae” [n. 1 above], 349) identifies “Bagaudae” as “a Celtic word.”Google Scholar

page 299 note 9 Michelet, Histoire de France, 1:279, n. 20; Lambert, “Bagaudes,” 192.Google Scholar

page 299 note 10 Paeanius Versio Graeca historiae Romanae Eutropii 9.20.3, in [Eutropius] Breviarium ab urbe condita cum versionibus Graecis et Pauli Landolfique additamentis, ed. Hans Droysen, MGH AA (1879; reprint Berlin, 1961), 2:163.Google Scholar

page 299 note 11 Panegyrici Latini 3 (11) 5.3. The numbering of the panegyrics here follows Panégyriques latins, ed. Édouard Galletier, 3 vols. (Paris, 1949–55).Google Scholar

page 299 note 12 Lassandro, Domenico, “Le rivolte bagaudiche nelle fonti tardo-Romane e medievali: Aspetti e problemi (con appendice di testi),” Invigilata lucernis 3–4 (1981–82): 60–61.Google Scholar

page 299 note 13 E.g., Holger Pederson's comparison with the “Old High German bágu, “in Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen (1909; reprint Göttingen, 1976), 1:101, cited by Chadwick, Early Brittany (n. 4 above), 152.Google Scholar

page 299 note 14 Thompson, E. A., “Peasant Revolts in Late Roman Gaul and Spain,” Past and Present 2 (1952): 21 n. 3: “There is no agreement on the etymology of the word.” Cf. Badot and De Decker, 326–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

page 299 note 15 I have excluded the etymologies suggested by Sigebert of Gembloux (in Dümmler, 49–50) associated with bacchor, vagor, and vaco. Cf. Lassandro, “Le rivolte bagaudiche nelle fonti,” 60; Castañeda, “Acta Bagaudica” (n. 6 above), 262. Badot and De Decker (337–38) mention suggested associations with bacensis and Baquates (and the variants Bacautes and Bacauci), although they are skeptical of the latter since “ces Baquates sont un peuple de Maurétanie.”Google Scholar

page 299 note 16 Dottin, La langue gauloise (n. 4 above), 63, 230.Google Scholar

page 299 note 17 Ibid., 63, n. 1; Jullian, Histoire de la Gaule, 7:52 n. 2, regarded the bag- and bac- variations in manuscripts as “sans importance.”Google Scholar

page 299 note 18 Dottin, La langue gauloise, 63, n. 1: “Il ne semble pas que dans la plupart de ces mots le c soit ancien, si les étymologies sont exactes.”Google Scholar

page 300 note 19 The forms Bachaudas (mentioned by Sigebert of Gembloux De passione sanctorum Thebeorum 1.61, 63, in Dümmler, 49–50, and Czúth, 9), Baugaredi (undoubtedly a corruption of Bacaudae in the Liber de compositione castri Ambaziae, in Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou et des seigneurs d’Amboise, ed. Louis Halphen and René Poupardin [Paris, 1913], 7, and Czúth, 13), and other corruptions of the C- and G- forms are excluded from this study. On Bachaudas, see also Minor, “ ‘Bagaudae’ or ‘Bacaudae’?” (n. 1 above), 319; Badot and De Decker, 328.Google Scholar

page 300 note 20 The word Bagaudicae, found in Pan. Lat. 5 (9) 4.1, delivered by Eumenius at Autun in 298, was the suggestion of Joest Lips in 1581. See Galletier, ed., Panégyriques latins (n. 11 above), 1:110–11, 124.Google Scholar

page 300 note 21 Aur. Vict. Caes. 39.17–19. For manuscripts, see [Sextus Aurelius Victor] Liber de Caesaribus, ed. Franz Pichlmayr and Roland Gruendel (Leipzig, 1970), xii–xiv; Reynolds, L. D., ed., Texts and Transmission (Oxford, 1983), 150; cf. [Sextus] Aurelius Victor, Livre des Césars, ed. Pierre Dufraigne (Paris, 1975), liii–liv.Google Scholar

page 300 note 22 Eutropius Breviarium 9.20.3. For manuscripts of Eutropius, see Eutropii Breviarium ab urbe condita, ed. Carlo Santini (Leipzig, 1979), v–xvi and xviii, and Eutropi Breviarium ab urbe condita, ed. Franz Ruehl (Leipzig, 1887; reprint Stuttgart, 1985), v–x; Breviarium, ed. Droysen (n. 10 above), i–xxi. See also Reynolds, Texts and Transmission, 159–62.Google Scholar

page 300 note 23 Paeanius Versio graeca historiae Romanae Eutropii 9.20.3. For the manuscript tradition, see Breviarium, ed. Droysen, xxi–xxii; Spyridon Lampros, P., “Παιανίου Μετάφρασις εἰς τὴν Εὐτροπὶου ‘Ρωμαϊκὴν ιστορίαν. [Paianius's Translation of the Roman History of Eutropius],” Νέος Έλληνομνήμων 9 (1912): 1–115, esp. 5, 100.Google Scholar

page 300 note 24 Enmann, Alexander, “Eine verlorene Geschichte der römischen Kaiser und das Buch De viris illustribus urbis Romae. Quellenstudien,” Philologus Suppl. 4 (1884): 337–501. Advocates include Timothy David Barnes, “The Lost Kaisergeschichte and the Latin Historical Tradition,” Bonner-Historia-Augusta-Colloquium 1968/69 (Bonn, 1970), 13–43; idem, The Sources of the Historia Augusta, Collection Latomus, 155 (Brussels, 1978), 90–97; Bird, H. W., Sextus Aurelius Victor (Liverpool, 1984), 16–23; John Drinkwater, F., The Gallic Empire (Stuttgart, 1987), 46–54. Those who question this hypothesis offer insubstantial evidence to justify their scepticism (e.g., James Howard Edward Crees, The Reign of the Emperor Probus [London, 1911; reprint Rome, 1965], 36–39, 68–71; Willem den Boer, Some Minor Roman Historians [Leiden, 1972], 21–22, and passim; André Chastagnol, “L'empereur gaulois Marius dans l’Histoire Auguste,” Bonner-Historia-Augusta-Colloquium 1971 [Bonn, 1974], 51–58).Google Scholar

page 301 note 25 Mosshammer, Alden A., The Chronicle of Eusebius and Greek Chronographic Tradition (Lewisburg, 1979), 37–38; Czúth, 25.Google Scholar

page 301 note 26 Czúth, 25.Google Scholar

page 301 note 27 Mommsen, Theodor, Über die Quellen der Chronik des Hieronymus, in Gesammelte Schriften, vol. 7, 2nd ed. (1909; reprint Berlin, 1965), 609–10; Jerome, Die Chronik des Hieronymus, ed. Rudolf Helm, in Eusebius Werke, vol. 7, 2nd ed., GCS 47 (Berlin, 1956), 440 d; Czúth, 25.Google Scholar

page 301 note 28 Hieron. Ep. 10.3.Google Scholar

page 301 note 29 Hieron. Chron. ab Abr. 2303; Jerome, Chronik, ed. Helm, xlvii, with discussion ix–xlvi; Mosshammer, Chronicle of Eusebius, 67. Since surviving copies of Jerome's Chronicle use only the C-form, Jerome's familiarity with Victor allows the speculation that Victor had used the form ‘Bacaudae’ in his Caesares. Google Scholar

page 301 note 30 Czúth, 8, 25. Four fourth-century authors refer to the Bacaudae by name: Aurelius Victor, Eutropius, Jerome, and the writer of the Passio Typasii Veterani, S.; also cited by Czúth, 8. I have located only one manuscript of the Passio Typasii Veterani, S. (see Appendix, Table II): “Passiones tres Martyrum Africanorum, SS. Maximae, Donatillae et Secundae, Typasii, S. Veterani et Fabii Vexilliferi, S.,” ed. Charles de Smedt et al., Analecta Bollandiana 9 (1890): 116, prints the text with the C-form. See Paul Monceaux, Histoire littéraire de l'Afrique chrétienne, 7 vols. (Paris, 1901–23), 3:126–32 and Czúth, 26. The Passio Typasii Veterani, S. contains a brief reference to the Bacaudae, but the sources of the work are unknown to me.Google Scholar

page 301 note 31 Orosius Historiarum adversum paganos 7.25.2.Google Scholar

page 301 note 32 Jordanes Romana 296.Google Scholar

page 301 note 33 For Paulus Orosius, see Karl Zangemeister, ed., Pauli Orosii Historiarum adversum Paganos Libri VII, CSEL 5 (Vienna, 1882), xxiiii–xxvi, and Theodor Mommsen's introduction to Jordanes in MGH AA 5.1 (Berlin, 1882), xxv–xxvii. See also Drinkwater, Gallic Empire (n. 24 above), 74.Google Scholar

page 301 note 34 Prosper Tiro [of Aquitaine], Prosperi Tironis Epitoma Chronicon 938, ed. Mommsen, T., MGH AA 9 (Berlin, 1892), 445; Chronica Gallica anni CCCCLII, 117, 119, 133 (MGH AA 9:660, 662); Chronica Gallica anni DXI, 443 (MGH AA 9:643); and Hydatius Limicus, Hydatii Lemici Continuatio chronicorum Hieronymianorum 125, 128, 141, 158 (in [Hydatius], Chronique, ed. Alain Tranoy, SC 218 [Paris, 1974], 1:138, 142, 148). All specify the Bacaudae by name. Orosius's work has a copious manuscript tradition dating from the sixth century. Two manuscripts, dating from the tenth and eleventh or twelfth centuries, use the G-form. See discussions of Orosius, in Zangemeister, ed., Historiarum adversum Paganos, vii–xxiiii, and Histoires, ed. Marie-Pierre Arnaud-Lindet, 3 vols. (Paris, 1990–91), 1:lxvii–xc. Prosper's chronicle also survives in many manuscripts, the oldest a sixth-century copy. One corrupt ninth-century manuscript offers uagaudarum as a variant spelling of Bacaudarum, which is found in more reliable manuscripts. See MGH AA 9:445 and 342–84 (Mommsen's discussion of the manuscript tradition). The earliest manuscript of the Gallic Chronicle of 452, dating from the ninth or tenth century, uses the C-form, while two eleventh-century copies use the G-form. Many other copies survive. See MGH AA 9:616–25, 660, 662; Steven Muhlberger, The Fifth-Century Chroniclers (Leeds, 1990), 137–46. For the thirteenth-century manuscript of the Gallic Chronicle of 511, see MGH AA 9:616 and 626–28. The only manuscript of Hydatius containing the word Bacaudae dates from the eighth or ninth century; see discussions of Hydatius by Mommsen, MGH AA 11 (Berlin, 1894), 2 and 7–11; Tranoy, ed. Chronique, 1:62–70; Julio Campos, ed., Idacio, Su Cronicón (Salamanca, 1984), 26–28, and, most recently, The Chronicle of Hydatius and the Consularia Constantinopolitana, ed. Burgess, R. W. (Oxford, 1993), 11–23, 25–26. My special thanks to Richard Burgess for his response to a query regarding the manuscript tradition of Hydatius.Google Scholar

page 302 note 35 Salvian De gub. Dei 5.22, 24–26. The earliest manuscript dates from the tenth or eleventh century. A thirteenth-century copy once uses the G-form and once has both c and g (bacgaudis). See discussions of the manuscripts of Salvian of Marseilles by Franz Pauly, ed. in Opera Omnia, CSEL 8 (Vienna, 1883), vii–xi; Giuseppe Vecchi, Studi Salvianei, vol. 1, La tradizione manoscritta delle opere di Salviano di Marsiglia, Studi Pubblicati dall’ Istituto di Filologia classica, 4 (Bologna, 1951), 12–28; and Salvien de Marseille, Oeuvres, ed. Georges Lagarrigue, SC 220 (Paris, 1975), 2:45–62.Google Scholar

page 302 note 36 Zosimus Historia nova 6.2.5 (ed. Paschoud [n. 8 above], 3.2:6). See ibid., 1:lxxv–lxxxviii for Paschoud's discussion of the manuscript tradition.Google Scholar

page 302 note 37 Passio s. Mauritii et Thebaeorum mm. 1–2 (AS [Antwerp, 1757; reprint Paris, 1867] Sept. VI, 345). The oldest manuscript dates from the ninth or tenth century. See Louis Dupraz, Les passions de Maurice d’Agaune, S.: essai sur l'historicité de la tradition et contribution à l'étude de l'armée pré-dioclétienne (260–286) et des canonisations tardives de la fin du IVe siècle, Studia Friburgensia, n.s. 27 (Fribourg, 1961), 297–98, and Czúth, 27.Google Scholar

page 302 note 38 On dates and authenticity, see Table I in appendix and notes 13–20 to the appendix. All eight documents — Diploma of Clovis II (638 or 639/40), Charter of Blidegisillus (640/41), Letter of Audobert (642/43), Privilege of Pope Martin V (649), Diploma of Clovis II (649–57), Diploma of Clothar III (656–73), Letter of Clothar III to Gerinus (656–64), Charter of Charles the Bald (869) — are edited in Czúth, 11–12, and 29. See also Czúth's sources: Diplomata, chartae, epistolae, leges, ed. Jean Marie Pardessus, 2 vols. (Paris, 1843; reprint Aalen, 1969) 2:59, 62; Lucien Auvray, “Documents parisiens tirés de la bibliothéque du Vatican (VIIe–XIIIe siècle),” Mémoires de la Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l’Ile-de-France 19 (Paris, 1892), 13; Du recueil des chartes mérovingiennes, ed. Henri-Léonard Bordier (Paris, 1850), 41–42, 45, 47, 49; Du Cange, 1:520. Although these documents purportedly date from the seventh and ninth centuries, respectively, scholars suspect that they are forgeries. See Pardessus, ed., Diplomata, 1:75, 85; 2:61–62, n. 3; Bordier, ed., Du recueil, 34; Auvray, “Documents parisiens,” 3–12; Voigt, K., “Die Vita Baboleni, S. und die Urkunden für St.-Maur-des-Fossés,” Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für älter deutsche Geschichtskunde 31 (1906): 291–334; and especially Baudot, passim.Google Scholar

page 303 note 39 Czúth, 12–13, 30; Bedae presbyteri et Fredegarii scholastici concordia …, ed. Pierre François Chifflet (Paris, 1681), 361–67.Google Scholar

page 303 note 40 Czúth, 13, 30–31; Halphen and Poupardin, eds., Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou (n. 19 above), 7–8.Google Scholar

page 303 note 41 Sigebert of Gembloux Chronica, a. 437, ed. Bethmann, D. L. C., in MGH Scriptorum 6, ed. Georg Heinrich Pertz (Hannover, 1844; reprint Stuttgart, 1980), 308; Czúth, 16 (specifying the year 435 for the passage), 36.Google Scholar

page 303 note 42 Sigebert of Gembloux De passione sanctorum Thebeorum 1.61–66, passim (in Dümmler, 49–51, 76–77, 120–21; Czúth, 9–11, 29).Google Scholar

page 303 note 43 Marianus Scottus Chronicon 3.302.2, ed. Waitz, D. G., in MGH Scriptorum 5, ed. Georg Heinrich Pertz (Hannover, 1844), 522; Czúth, 8, 25–26.Google Scholar

page 303 note 44 If each author (twenty in total, including the two variants of the Passio Mauritii) and each of the eight Merovingian documents is counted as a single source, the total is twenty-eight. Cf. Thompson, “Peasant Revolts” (n. 14 above), 11, who asserted that “there is little MS evidence for the form Bagaudae.”Google Scholar

page 303 note 45 Although the earliest manuscript of Prosper's Chronicon is a sixth-century copy (BAV, Reg. Lat. 2077), a ninth-century copy (Brussels, Bibliothèque royale 5169) offers the corruption uagaudarum, the earliest attested G-form. See Mommsen, ed., Prosper Tiro, Chronicon (n. 34 above), 342, 445. My special thanks to Bernard Bousmanne, Marguerite Debae, and Michelle Henry, all of the Bibliothèque royale Albert 1er, for their advice regarding MS 5169.Google Scholar

page 303 note 46 See n. 17 above.Google Scholar

page 304 note 47 See ThLL 2:1681, s.v. “Bagaudae”; Holder, Alt-celtischer Sprachshatz (n. 4 above), 1:331, 3:790; Lambert, A. et al., “Bacauda 1–4,” DHGE 6:42–44; The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, ed. John Robert Martindale, vol. 2 (New York, N. Y., 1980), 207–208, s.v. “Bacauda 1” and “Bacauda 2”.Google Scholar

page 304 note 48 CIL 11:287 (sixth century); 13:2797 (uncertain date); Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, 2:207–208, s.v. “Bacauda 1” (fifth or sixth century); cf. Lambert, “Bacauda 2,” 6:42–43; Karl Pink, Römische und byzantinische Gewichte in österreichischen Sammlungen (Vienna, 1938), 92.54, and Lassandro, “Le rivolte bagaudiche nelle fonti” (n. 12 above), 60–61. See also Franz Dietrich, Über die Aussprache des Gothischen (Marburg, 1862), 38–39 (associating the personal name Bacauda with Ostrogothic usage). The only reservation about this interpretation would be if these inscriptions are copies, a question I have not addressed.Google Scholar

page 304 note 49 Thompson, “Peasant Revolts,” 11; Chadwick, Early Brittany (n. 4 above), 152.Google Scholar

page 304 note 50 Cf. Badot and De Decker, 328.Google Scholar

page 304 note 51 Except perhaps bacensis, as noted in ibid., 337–38; see n. 15 above.Google Scholar

page 305 note 1 Pichlmayr and Gruendel, eds. (n. 21 above), xiii (14th c., although the possibility of a 15thc. date is noted); Reynolds, Texts and Transmission (n. 21 above), 150 (ca. 1453).Google Scholar

page 305 note 2 Santini, ed. (n. 22 above), xviii.Google Scholar

page 305 note 3 Lampros, ed. (n. 23 above), 5, 100.Google Scholar

page 305 note 4 Helm, ed. (n. 27 above), xlvii.Google Scholar

page 305 note 5 Arnaud-Lindet, ed. (n. 34 above), 1:lxxi.Google Scholar

page 305 note 6 Pauly, ed., viii (10th c.); Lagarrigue, ed., 2:45 (10th or 11th c.): n. 35 aboveGoogle Scholar

page 305 note 7 Mommsen, ed. (n. 34 above), 342.Google Scholar

page 305 note 8 Chronica Gallica anni CCCCLII, ed. Mommsen (n. 34 above), 616, 620 (9th c.); Michael Jones, E. and Casey, John, “The Gallic Chronicle Restored: A Chronology for the Anglo-Saxon Invasions and the End of Roman Britain,” Britannia 19 (1988), 367 (9th or 10th c.).Google Scholar

page 305 note 9 Mommsen, ed., 2 (9th c.), 7 (8th c.); Tranoy, ed., 1:63 (9th ca.); Burgess, Chronicle of Hydatius, 11, 15 (ca. 830): n. 34 above.Google Scholar

page 305 note 10 Chronica Gallica anni DXI, ed. Mommsen, 616; Burgess, Chronicle of Hydatius, 67: n. 34 above.Google Scholar

page 306 note 11 Paschoud, ed. (nn. 8 and 36 above), 1:lxxvii, 1.Google Scholar

page 306 note 12 Jordanes, Romana et Getica, ed. Theodor Mommsen, MGH AA 5.1 (Berlin, 1882), xlvii, lxxiiii (8th c.). My special thanks to Michael Stanske of the Universitätsbibliothek in Heidelberg, who informed me that MS 921 was destroyed in a fire at the end of the nineteenth century. This manuscript is still employed in critical editions of Jordanes. See Iordanis De origine actibusque Getarum, ed. Francesco Giunta and Antonino Grillone, Fonti per la storia d'Italia, 117 (Rome, 1991), ix, where the MS is dated to the eighth or ninth century. According to Giunta and Grillone, the earliest surviving manuscript of Jordanes's text is now Valenciennes, Bibliothèque municipale MS 95 (9th c.).Google Scholar

page 306 note 13 Diploma Chlodovei II, ed. Czúth, 11, 29; MGH Diplomatum imperii, ed. Georg Heinrich Pertz (Hannover, 1872; reprint Stuttgart, 1965), 1:178 (11th c.); Auvray, “Documents parisiens” (n. 38 above), 4 (12th. c.); Baudot, 182 (dating this source 639–40).Google Scholar

page 306 note 14 Charta Blidegisilli, ed. Czúth, 11, 29; Pardessus, ed., Diplomata (n. 38 above), 2:61–62, n. 3; cf. 1:75, 85; Baudot, 186 (dating this source 641).Google Scholar

page 306 note 15 Epistola Audoberti, ed. Czúth, 11, 29; Auvray, “Documents parisiens” (n. 38 above), 4–5; Camille Jullian, “Notes gallo-romaines: LXXXVI. castrum Bagaudarum. Les origines de Saint-Maur-des-Fossés,” Revue des études anciennes 22 (1920): 107, n. 4; Baudot, 189 (dating this source 643).Google Scholar

page 306 note 16 Privilegium sancti Martini V, ed. Czúth, 11, 29; Baudot, 193–95.Google Scholar

page 306 note 17 Diploma Chlodovei II, ed. Czúth, 11, 29; Jullian, “Notes gallo-romaines,” 107–108, n. 4; Baudot, 200 (dating this source 649–57).Google Scholar

page 306 note 18 Diploma Clotharii III, ed. Czúth, 11, 29; Jullian, “Notes gallo-romaines,” 107–108, n. 4; Baudot, 202 (dating this source 657–73).Google Scholar

page 306 note 19 Epistola Clotharii III ad Gerinum, ed. Czúth, 12, 29; Bordier, ed., Du recueil (n. 38 above), 49–52; Jullian, “Notes gallo-romaines,” 107–108, n. 4; Baudot, 206–208 (dating this source 658).Google Scholar

page 306 note 20 Charta Caroli Calvi, ed. Czúth, 12, 29; Baudot, 298–99; Du Cange, 1:520, s.v. “Bagaudae”.Google Scholar

page 307 note 21 Gillon, Pierre, Nouvelle histoire de Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, vol. 1 (Paris, 1987), 70. My special thanks to Plassard, A. of the Bibliothèque municipale of Troyes, for her assistance in checking details of this manuscript.Google Scholar

page 307 note 22 Dümmler, 21. My special thanks to Th, A. Bouwman of the Universiteitsbibliotheek of Leiden for assistance regarding this manuscript.Google Scholar

page 307 note 23 Waitz, ed. (n. 43 above), 481.Google Scholar

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