Norman Kreitman

Formerly consultant psychiatrist at Claybury Hospital, fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists

John Pippard was a consultant psychiatrist at Claybury Hospital, Essex. Born on 20 May 1919, he died from pneumonia after a fall at home on 21 December 2012.

John was the elder son of Olive and A.J.S. (Sutton) Pippard FRS who was Professor of Civil Engineering at Imperial College London. He trained to be a doctor at Cambridge and the London Hospital, qualifying in 1942 and then gaining MRCP in the same year. After completing his house jobs at the London Hospital, he served in the Royal Army Medical Corps in north Africa and Italy, before taking charge of the Medical Division of the British General Hospital in Klagenfurt, Austria. There he met and married Kathleen, also a doctor, in 1947. John trained initially to become a physician at the London Hospital but then changed to psychiatry, training at the London, Maudsley and St George’s hospitals. During his training he was also a Fellow of Corpus Christi College in Cambridge where he supervised students in physiology (1947-1950). His MD research (1955), for which he was awarded the Copeman medal by Corpus Christi, examined factors that influenced the likelihood of beneficial or adverse effects in patients after modified leucotomy.

He became a consultant psychiatrist at Claybury Hospital in 1955, where, encouraged by the Medical Superintendent Stuart Harris, he and Dennis Martin and later Elisabeth Shoenberg and Derek Kelsey were to transform a well-run traditional mental hospital into a pioneering therapeutic community. This was the first time such an experiment involving a large mental hospital had been made in the UK. This ‘Adventure in Psychiatry’ (also a book of the same title published by Martin in 1963) led to a revolution in the management of acutely ill patients, who now became active participants in their own treatment. Its non-hierarchical group approach, involving all the staff and patients in therapeutic decision-making, appealed to John’s democratic spirit and his deeply held Quaker beliefs.

John’s approach to psychiatry was eclectic but very much inspired by psychodynamic thinking. He was an effective group therapist, exercising his skills with acutely disturbed and psychotic patients where his compassionate understanding and humane approach, as well as his acute insights, brought relief to patients and inspired generations of trainees, such as ourselves. Many years after retirement patients continued to write to him expressing their gratitude for his help, and he responded comfortingly to all their letters in his very legible and elegant script. In a letter by John to one of us (L.F.) in 2008 about a paper and book on therapeutic groups in acute units (written by L.F.), John’s modesty, as well as his natural talents, shone through: ‘You said I should have written about it myself and I acknowledge the dereliction. The conditions I was working in were, as you know, very different from what you have to cope with. I had no training in psychotherapy and flew by the seat of my pants. I did not find reading about psychotherapy or groups particularly helpful - if anything it interfered in my spontaneity! As I read your paper I became painfully aware of many of my shortcomings and missed opportunities. However, I did not try and teach systematically but hoped that staff and patients would absorb something useful from participating in the community. Claybury in the 50s and 60s was a great place to work and evidently involved and inspired a great many people who took their experience all over the world. I’m glad I was part of the Adventure in Psychiatry.’

At the end of his time at Claybury he worked briefly with patients with intellectual disability at Leytonstone House. He retired in 1979. He was made FRCP in 1966 and became FRCPsych (Foundation) in 1972. After his retirement he became a research fellow for the Royal College of Psychiatrists. There he made an important national survey of the use of ECT in the UK, published in 1981 as ‘Electro-convulsive treatment in Great Britain’. This report highlighted inadequate practice of ECT in many places and led to major changes that John documented in a subsequent audit in 1991. He was also a Commissioner for the Mental Health Act Commission (1983-1986).

In retirement he stayed very active, enjoying looking after the large garden of his beautiful Regency house in Woodford, where he and his wife happily entertained friends and colleagues. He was a keen amateur musician and continued to play the cello well on into his 80s. John had a cheerful and optimistic disposition and when for reasons of physical frailty he had to move into a residential home he quickly adapted to this new environment: he spent the last 2 years of his life contentedly at Quaker House, where he was near his daughter and where he soon made new friends. He was predeceased by Kathleen, who was a family planning doctor, in 2005 and he leaves four children and nine grandchildren, of whom he was very proud.