Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T01:23:15.015Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

From Terranova to Terra Firma: A Critique of the Role of Free Labour and the Digital Economy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

Diane van den Broek*
Affiliation:
Work and Organisational Studies, University of Sydney
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

On-going class action against America Online's use of ‘free labour’ has divided opinion about the management of ‘digital’ labour in the ‘new’ economy. Web-based systems of collaboration between and within firms and their customers, as well as customer engagement in product innovation, have underscored claims about the evaporation of traditional labour markets and labour processes as well as about (weakening) divisions between production and consumption. This has led to (exaggerated) debates about the contribution of ‘free’ or ‘immaterial’ labour to contemporary economies. This paper argues that while significant restructuring has changed traditional organisational forms, capital markets remain centralised and digital labour remains as regulated as other labour. As such, while labour cannot be fully commodified, digital labour is neither free or immaterial, because it is not the content of labour itself, but rather its relationship with capital that gives it ‘weight’ and value.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2010

References

AOL Minimum Wage Lawsuit website, available: http://www.aolclassaction.com/ [accessed 11 February 2010].Google Scholar
Barbrook, R. (1998) ‘The hi-tech gift economy’, First Monday 3:12, available: http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue3_12/barbrook [accessed 23 December 2005].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, D. (1974), The Coming of Post-industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting, Heinemann, London.Google Scholar
Boyle, J. (1997), Shamans Software and Spleens: Law and the Construction of the Information Society, Harvard University Press, United States.Google Scholar
Brinkley, I., Fauth, R., Mahdon, M., Theodoropoulou, S. (2009) ‘Knowledge workers and knowledge work: A knowledge economy programme report’, The Work Foundation, available: http://www.theworkfoundation.com/assets/docs/publications/213_know_work_survey170309.pdf [accessed 10 February 2010].Google Scholar
Castells, M. (1996) The Rise of the Network Society, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, Second edition.Google Scholar
Clegg, S. (1990), Modern Organizations: Organization Studies in the Postmodern World, Sage Publications, London.Google Scholar
Coyle, B. (1997), Weightless World: Strategies for Managing the Digital Economy, Capstone Publishing, Oxford.Google Scholar
Felsted, A., Jewson, N., Walters, S. (2005), Changing Places of Work, Palgrave, New York.Google Scholar
Frezza, B. (1996) ‘The future of money in the information age’, Cato Policy Report, The Cato Institute's 14th Annual Monetary Conference, Washington, May 23.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1971), The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life, Harmondsworth, Pelican.Google Scholar
Gorz, A. (1999), Reclaiming Work: Beyond the Wage-based Society, Polity Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Grossman, L. (2006) ‘Power to the people’, Time Magazine, 25 December, 42.Google Scholar
Handy, C. (1984), The Future of Work, Basil Blackwell, New York.Google Scholar
Hardt, M., Negri, A. (2000), Empire, Harvard University Press, Harvard.Google Scholar
Harrison, B. (1994), Lean and Mean: The Changing Landscape of Corporate Power in the Age of Flexibility, Basic Books, New York.Google Scholar
Heckscher, C. (1997) ‘The changing social contract for white collar workers', Perspectives on Work, 1(1), pp. 1821.Google Scholar
Hochschild, A. R. (1983), The Managed Heart: Commercialisation of Human Feeling, University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Huws, U. (1999) ‘Material world: The myth of the weightless economy’, The Socialist Register, available: http://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/5712/2608 [accessed 15 February 2010].Google Scholar
Huws, U., Knell, J. (2000) Most Wanted: The Quiet Birth of the Free Worker, London, The Industrial Society of London.Google Scholar
Jenkins, H. (2006), Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide, New York University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Lazzarato, N. (n.d.) ‘General intellect: Towards an inquiry into immaterial labour’, available: http://www.emery.archive.mcmail.com/public/html/immaterial/lazzarat.html [accessed 21 April 2010].Google Scholar
Lazzarato, N. (1996) ‘Immaterial labour’ in Hardt, M., Virno, P. (eds) Radical Thought in Italy: A Potential Politics, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 133147.Google Scholar
Leidner, R. (1993) ‘Emotional labor in service work’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 561, pp. 8195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Margonelli, L. (1999) ‘Inside AOL's “cyber-sweatshop”’, Wired, October, available: http://wired.com/wired/archive/7.10/volunteers.html [accessed 15 March 2009].Google Scholar
Malecki, E., Moriset, B. (2007), The Digital Economy: Business Organization, Production Processes and Regional Developments, Routledge, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mathews, J. (1989) Age of Democracy: the Politics of Post-Fordism, Oxford University Press, Melbourne.Google Scholar
Moore, P., Taylor, P. (2009) ‘Exploitation of the self in community-based software production: Workers' freedoms or firm foundations?’, Capital and Class, 97, pp. 99120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Office for National Statistics, UK (2005) Labour Market Trends, 113 (10), pp. 405436, available: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_labour/LMT_Oct05.pdf [accessed 19 February 2009].Google Scholar
Ogbonna, E., Wilkinson, B. (1988) ‘Corporate strategy and corporate culture: The management of change in the UK supermarket industry’, Personnel Review, 17(6), pp. 1014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
OECD (2008) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, The IT industry: Recent developments and outlook, OECD Information Technology Outlook, available: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/37/26/41895578.pdf [accessed 18 February 2009].Google Scholar
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2008) Labour Force Statistics: 2008 Edition, available: http://stats.oecd.org/WBOS/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=ALFS_SUMTAB [accessed 18 February 2009].Google Scholar
Pocock, B., Prosser, R., Bridge, K. (2005) ‘The return of “labour-as-commodity?” The experience of casual work in Australia’ in Baird, M., Cooper, R., Westcott, M. (eds) (2005) Reworking Work, Proceedings of the 19th Conference of the Association of Industrial Relations Academics of Australia and New Zealand, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 9–11 February, pp. 459467.Google Scholar
Postigo, H. (2007) ‘Of mods and modders: Chasing down the value of fan-based digital game modifications', Games and Culture, 2(4), pp. 300313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, L., Mumby, D. K. (1993) ‘Organizations, emotion and the myth of rationality’ in Fineman, S. (ed.) Emotions in Organizations, Sage, London, pp. 3657.Google Scholar
Quah, D. (1997) ‘Increasingly weightless economies', Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, February, 37 (1), pp. 4956.Google Scholar
Shanahan, D., Rowbotham, J. (2007) ‘Howard on internet porn crusade’, 10 August 2007, The Australian online, available: http://www.australianit.news.com.au/story/0,24897,22218715-15306,00.html [accessed 15 March 2009].Google Scholar
Smith, A. (2005) ‘Of the accumulation of capital, or of unproductive and labour’ in Edelman, M., Haugerud, A. (eds) The Anthology of Development and Globalisation: From Classical Political Economy to Contemporary Neo Liberalism, Blackwell Publishing, Victoria.Google Scholar
Soderberg, J. (2008) Hacking Capitalism: The Free and Open Source Software Movement, Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Terranova, T. (2004), Network Culture: Politics for the Information Age, Pluto Press, London.Google Scholar
Terranova, T. (2000) ‘Producing culture for the digital economy’, Social Text, 63, 18 (2), pp. 3357.Google Scholar
Thompson, P (2005) ‘Foundation and empire: A critique of Hardt and Negri’, Capital and Class, 86, pp. 7398.Google Scholar
Tibbetts, J. (2009) Calgary Herald, 5 January 2009, available: http://www2.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/story.html?id=a627fa6e-8eca-4a84-8c82-45a693d4473d [accessed 17 February 2009].Google Scholar
Toffler, A. (1980) The Third Wave, Collins, London, First edition.Google Scholar
Vosko, L. F. (2000), Temporary Work. The Gendered Rise of a Precarious Employment Relationship, University of Toronto Press, Toronto.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yee, N. (2006) ‘The labor of fun: How video games blur the boundaries of work and play’, Games and Culture, 1(1), pp. 6871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar