Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T03:30:52.041Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

On Developing a Psychiatric Multiaxial Schema for ICD-10

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2018

J. E. Mezzich
J. E. Mezzich*
Affiliation:
University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

As work proceeds on the development of the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) widespread interest has been expressed in the preparation of a multiaxial diagnostic schema for psychiatric patients. In consideration of this task, the present paper briefly notes pertinent international experience on multiaxial diagnosis, the discernible purposes of this approach, design requirements, and a specific multiaxial proposal.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 152 , Issue S1: Psychiatric classification in an international perspective , May 1988 , pp. 38 - 43
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edition) (DSM-III). Washington: APA.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edition), Revised (DSM-IIIR). Washington: APA.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, A. & Helmchen, H. (1985) Personality as an axis in a multiaxial psychiatric classification system. In Psychiatry: The State of the Art (eds Pichot, P., Berner, P., Wolfe, R. & Thau, K.). London: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Bech, P., Hjorts, S., Lund, K., Vilmar, T. & Kastrup, M. (1987) An integration of the DSM-III and ICD-8 by global severity assessments for measuring multidimensional outcomes in general hospital psychiatry. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 75, 297–306.Google Scholar
Berner, P. (1986) Psychiatrische systematik und diagnostik. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, (suppl.) 170, 3–7.Google Scholar
Bilikiewicz, T. (1951) Próba ukladu nozograficznego etioepi-genetycznego w psychiatrii. Neurologia I Neurochirurgia Polska, 1, 68–78.Google Scholar
Charney, D. S., Nelson, J. C. & Quinlan, D. M. (1981) Personality traits and disorder in depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 1601–1604.Google Scholar
Cooper, J. E. (1986) The state of multiaxial classification. Presented at a World Psychiatric Association Nomenclature and Classification Section Symposium, Congress of the Association of European Psychiatrists, Strasbourg, France, 23-25 October 1986.Google Scholar
Dimitrijevic, P., Perris, C., Jacobsson, L. & Von Knorring, L. (1978) The use of a multiaxial classification model for classifying psychiatric patients. Socijalna Psihijatrija, 6, 313–321.Google Scholar
Essen-Möller, E. & Wohlfahrt, S. (1947) Suggestions for the amendment of the official Swedish classification of mental disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, (suppl.) 47, 551–555.Google Scholar
Forness, S. R. & Cantwell, D. P. (1982) DSM-III psychiatric diagnoses and special education categories. Journal of Special Education, 16, 49–63.Google Scholar
Geissler, W. (1985) Predictive value of multiaxial diagnosis for the latter social adjustment of childhood encopresis patients. Nervenarzt, 56, 275–278.Google Scholar
Helmchen, H. (1975) Schizophrenia: Diagnostic concepts in the ICD-8. British Journal of Psychiatry, Special Publication No. 10.Google Scholar
Helmchen, H. (1980) Multiaxial systems of classification. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 61, 43–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Isager, T. (1982) Multiaxial diagnostic system in a department for child psychiatry. Preliminary experience as an introduction to revision. Ugeskrift for Laeger, 144, 400–403.Google Scholar
Kastrup, M. & Wig, N. N. (in press) ‘The transcultural perspectives of the multiaxial classification. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Kato, M. (1977) Multiaxial diagnosis in adult psychiatry. Proceedings of the VI World Congress of Psychiatry, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: World Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Kreyssig, M. (1978) Sociodynamische Aspekte in Rahmen der mehrdimensionalen Diagnostik psychischer Erkrankungen. Psychiatrie Neurologie und Medizinische Psychologie, 30, 577–585.Google Scholar
Kreyssig, M. (1983) Die funktionale Diagnose als Grundlage der Therapie und Rehabilitation: von der nosologischen zu einer umfassenderen psychiatrischen Diagnostik. Psychiatrie, Neurologie und Medizinesche Psychologie, 35, 283–290.Google Scholar
Leme Lopes, J. (1954) As Dimensoes do Diagnóstico Psiquiátrico. Rio de Janeiro: Agir.Google Scholar
Lipowski, Z. J. (1981) Holistic-medical foundations of American psychiatry: A bicentennial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 138, 888–895.Google ScholarPubMed
Lolas, F. (1985) The psychosomatic approach and the problem of diagnosis. Social Science and Medicine, 21, 1355–1361.Google Scholar
Mann, A. H., Jenkins, R. & Belsey, E. (1981) The twelve-month outcome of patients with neurotic illness in general practice. Psychological Medicine, 11, 535–550.Google Scholar
Mezzich, J. E. (1979) Patterns and issues in multiaxial psychiatric diagnosis. Psychological Medicine, 9, 125–137.Google Scholar
Mezzich, J. E. (1985) Multiaxial diagnostic systems in psychiatry. In Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry (4th edition) (eds Kaplan, H. I. & Sadock, B. J.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Mezzich, J. E., Fabrega, H. & Mezzich, A. C. (1985) An international consultation on multiaxial diagnosis. In Psychiatry: The State of the Art (eds Pichot, P., Berner, P., Wolf, R. & Thau, K.). London: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Mogensen, J. T., Simonsen, E. & Mellergaard, M. (1986) Multiaxial diagnosis in a department of adult psychiatry. Ugeskrift for Laeger, 148, 2869–2872.Google Scholar
Ottosson, J. O. & Perris, C. (1973) Multidimensional classification of mental disorders. Psychological Medicine, 3, 238–243.Google Scholar
Perris, C. (1985) Choice of the axes in multiaxial classification of mental disorders. In Psychiatry: The State of the Art (eds Pichot, P., Berner, P., Wolfe, R. & Thau, K.). London: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Retterstol, N. & Dahl, A. A. (1983) Scandinavian perspectives on DSM-III. In International Perspectives on DSM-III (eds Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W. & Skodol, A. E.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Rocha, Z. (1977) Disturbios do comportamento na clinical diaria (Abordagem diagnostica pluridimensional). Neurobiologia, 40, 269–296.Google Scholar
Roth, M. (1983) The achievements and limitations of DSM-III. In International Perspectives on DSM-III (eds Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W. & Skodol, A. E.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Lebovici, S., Eisenberg, L. & Sneznevskij, et al (1969) A triaxial classification of mental disorders in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 10, 41–61.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Shaffer, D. & Shepherd, M. (1975a) A Multiaxial Classification of Child Psychiatric Disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Shaffer, D. & Sturge, C. (1975b) A Guide to a Multiaxial Classification Scheme for Psychiatric Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence. London: Institute of Psychiatry.Google Scholar
Sadoun, R., Casadebaig, F. & Hatton, F. (1976) Studies of the infant population placed in charge of the A. Binet Mental Health Center in 1970 and 1971. Social Psychiatry, 11, 179–205.Google Scholar
Stieglitz, R. D., Fähndrich, E. & Helmchen, H. (1987) Application of the AMDP system in diagnosis and prediction. Acta Psiquiatrica Belgica, 87, 117–140.Google Scholar
Strauss, J. S. (1975) A comprehensive approach to psychiatric diagnosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 132, 1193–1197.Google Scholar
Strauss, J. S. (1979) Developing a comprehensive treatment for schizophrenia. Journal of the National Association of Private Psychiatric Hospitals, 10, 75–79.Google Scholar
Strauss, J. S. & Carpenter, W. T. Jr. (1977) Prediction of outcome in schizophrenia, III. Five-year outcome and its predictors. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 159–163.Google Scholar
Strauss, J. S. & Helmchen, H. (1982) Review paper on multiaxial diagnosis. Read before the World Health Organization Conference on Diagnosis and Classification of Mental Disorders, Alcohol and Drug Related Problems, Copenhagen, Denmark, April 1982.Google Scholar
Von Knorring, L., Perris, C. & Jacobsson, L. (1978) Multiaspects classification of mental disorders: Experiences from clinical routine work and preliminary studies of interrater reliability. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 58, 401–412.Google Scholar
Von Cranach, M. (1977) Categorical vs multiaxial classification. Proceedings of the VI World Congress of Psychiatry, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: World Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Vuks, A. I., Iovlev, B. V., Korabelnikov, K. V., Mironov, B. E. & Stiazhkin, D. D. (1984) Various factors affecting the length of hospitalization of schizophrenic patients. Zhurnal Neuropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova, 84, 726–731.Google Scholar
Williams, J. B. W. (1987) Multiaxial diagnosis. In An Annotated Bibliography of DSM-III (eds Skodol, A. E. & Spitzer, R. L.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Wing, L. (1970) Observations on the psychiatric section of the International Classification of Diseases and the British Glossary of Mental Disorders. Psychological Medicine, 1, 79–85.Google Scholar
Wing, J. K. (1984) Classification et nosologie: Aspects methodologiques. Confrontation Psychiatriques, 24, 109–130.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1972) Psychogeriatrics report of a WHO scientific group, Technical Report Series No. 72-507, Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1980) International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (1985) Disabilities Assessment Schedule. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
World Psychiatric Association (1987) Report on a consultation with national psychiatric societies on ICD-10 proposals. Copenhagen: WPA General Secretariat.Google Scholar
Zierau, F., Eplov, L., Jepsen, P. W., Kastrup, M., Kijne, B., Poulsen, D. L., Rasmussen, S., Stubgaard, M., Bech, P. (1986) Multiaxial diagnosis in connection with psychiatric supervision. Ugeskrift for Laeger, 148, 915–918.Google ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.