Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T15:37:29.893Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Abnormal Movements in Never-Medicated Indian Patients with Schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2018

R. G. McCreadie ,
R. Thara ,
S. Kamath ,
R. Padmavathy ,
S. Latha ,
N. Mathrubootham  and
M. S. Menon
R. G. McCreadie*
Affiliation:
Crichton Royal Hospital
R. Thara
Affiliation:
Schizophrenia Research Foundation (India), C-46, 13th Street, Anna Nagar East, Madras – 600 040, India
S. Kamath
Affiliation:
Schizophrenia Research Foundation (India), C-46, 13th Street, Anna Nagar East, Madras – 600 040, India
R. Padmavathy
Affiliation:
Schizophrenia Research Foundation (India), C-46, 13th Street, Anna Nagar East, Madras – 600 040, India
S. Latha
Affiliation:
Schizophrenia Research Foundation (India), C-46, 13th Street, Anna Nagar East, Madras – 600 040, India
N. Mathrubootham
Affiliation:
Railway Hospital, Madras, India
M. S. Menon
Affiliation:
Schizophrenia Research Foundation (India), C-46, 13th Street, Anna Nagar East, Madras – 600 040, India
*
R. G. McCreadie, Director of Clinical Research, Crichton Royal Hospital, Dumfries, DG1 4TG
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Historical records suggest dyskinesia was observed in severely ill institutionalised patients with schizophrenia in the pre-neuroleptic era More recent work has not found dyskinesia in never-medicated younger and middle aged patients. The present study complements this recent work and avoids the confounders of severity of illness and institutionalism by examining elderly patients in a wide variety of community settings.

Method

Movement disorders were examined in 308 elderly individuals in Madras, India, using the Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale, the Simpson and Angus Parkinsonism Scale and the Barnes Akathisia Scale. Patients' mental state was assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

Results

Dyskinesia was found in 15% of normal subjects (n=101, mean age 63 years), 15% of first degree blood relatives of younger schizophrenic patients (n=103, mean age 63 years), 38% of never medicated patients (n=21, mean age 65 years) and 41 % of medicated patients (n=83, mean age 57 years). The respective prevalences for Parkinsonism were 6%, 11 %, 24% and 36%; and for akathisia 9%, 5%, 21 % and 23%. Dyskinesia was associated with negative schizophrenic symptoms.

Conclusions

Dyskinesia in elderly schizophrenic patients is an integral part of the illness and not associated with antipsychotic medication.

Type
Papers
Information
The British Journal of Psychiatry , Volume 168 , Issue 2 , February 1996 , pp. 221 - 226
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 The Royal College of Psychiatrists 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edn) (DSM–IV). Washington, DC: APA.Google Scholar
Barnes, T. R. E. (1989) A rating scale for drug-induced akathisia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 672–676.Google Scholar
Bourgeois, M., Bouilh, P., Tignol, J., et al (1980) Spontaneous dyskinesias v. neuroleptic-induced dyskinesias in 270 elderly subjects. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 177–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caugiuri, M. P., Lohr, J. B. & Jeste, D. V. (1993) Parkinsonism in neuroleptic-naive schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1343–1348.Google Scholar
Casey, D. E. & Hansen, T. E. (1984) Spontaneous dyskinesias. In Neuropsychiatric Movement Disorders (eds Jeste, D. V. & Wyatt, R. J.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.Google Scholar
Chorfi, M. & Moussaoui, D. (1985) Les schizophrenics jamais traites n'ont pas de movements anormaux type dyskinesia tardive. L'Encéphale, 11, 263–265.Google Scholar
Davis, K. L., Kahn, R. S., Ko, G., et al (1991) Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1474–1486.Google ScholarPubMed
Fenton, W. S., Wyatt, R. J. & McGlashan, T. H. (1994) Risk factors for spontaneous dyskinesia in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 643–650.Google Scholar
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, S. & Opler, L. A. (1987) The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 262–273.Google Scholar
Kraepelin, E. (1919) Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia (translated by Barclay, R. M.). Edinburgh: E & S Livingstone.Google Scholar
McCreadie, R. G. & Ohaeri, J. U. (1994) Movement disorder in never and minimally treated Nigerian schizophrenic patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 184–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgensen, P. B. & Juel, K. (1990) Mortality and causes of death in schizophrenic patients in Denmark. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 81, 372–377.Google Scholar
Owens, D. G. C., Johnstone, E. C. & Frith, C. D. (1982) Spontaneous involuntary disorders of movement. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 452–461.Google Scholar
Schooler, N. R. & Kane, J. M. (1982) Research diagnoses for tardive dyskinesia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 486–487.Google ScholarPubMed
Simpson, G. M. & Angus, J. W. S. (1970) A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, suppl. 212, 11–19.Google Scholar
Turner, T. (1989) Rich and mad in Victorian England. Psychological Medicine, 19, 29–44.Google Scholar
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare (1976) Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS). In ECDEU Assessment Manual (ed. Guy, W.), pp. 534–537. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health, Education and Welfare.Google Scholar
Varga, E., Sugerman, A. A., Varga, V., et al (1982) Prevalence of spontaneous oral dyskinesia in the elderly. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 329–331.Google ScholarPubMed
Waddington, J. L. (1995) Psychopathological and cognitive correlates of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic and other disorders treated with neuroleptic drugs. In Behavioural Neurology of Movement Disorders (eds Weiner, W. J. & Lang, A. E.). Advances in Neurology, vol. 65. New York: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Submit a response

eLetters

No eLetters have been published for this article.