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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 18 September 2017
Recent results obtained from studies of bipolar nebulae with a variety of techniques are described. Nebular polarization maps and spectropolarimetry, near-infrared spectroscopy, far-infrared photometry, radio maser and continuum work all have contributed to our knowledge of this heterogeneous class of objects. Some are certainly pre-main-sequence; others are likely to represent the rapid transition from red giant to planetary nebula. At least one dust-shrouded carbon star (CIT 6) and one visual binary with an O-star primary (MWC 349) have bipolar structure. Equatorial dusty disks must be common occurrences at different phases of stellar evolution.