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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 May 2016
The main tools describing the formation of large-scale structure are reviewed. Detailed emphasis is given to the Cold Dark Matter model, since this appears to be a close match to observation. A consistent normalization that satisfies both CMB constraints and the cluster abundance requires Ωm ⋍ 0.35 for a flat universe and scale-invariant fluctuations. Discrepancies between observed galaxy power spectra and CDM predictions are discussed; a heuristic model for galaxy bias is proposed that potentially allows such scale-dependent bias to be understood.