Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T17:27:59.030Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The effective temperatures of hot stars

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2016

P.A. Crowther*
Affiliation:
Dept. of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, U.K.

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

We review the effective temperature scale of hot (≤ 10 kK) stars, including results from direct, continuum and ionization equilibrium techniques. We discuss the impact of recent developments in theoretical model atmospheres for OB subdwarfs, dwarfs and supergiants, white dwarfs and Wolf Rayet stars and present a revised Teff scale for OB stars. Direct techniques coupled with Kurucz model atmospheres allow Strömgren photometry to be used as a sensitive Teff indicator for normal stars with Teff ≥ 25 kK. Reliable Teff determinations for hotter, low surface gravity and H-deficient stars require sophisticated ionization equilibrium techniques, generally considering non-LTE and line-blanketing effects.

Type
The Stellar Effective Temperature Scale
Copyright
Copyright © Kluwer 1997 

References

Abbott, D.C., Hummer, D.G., 1985, ApJ 294, 286 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barstow, M.A., Fleming, T.A., Diamond, C.J., et al. 1993, MNRAS 264, 16 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beauchamp, A., Wesemael, F., Bergeron, P. et al. 1995, in: European Workshop on White Dwarfs, Koester, D., Werner, K. (eds.), Lecture Notes in Physics 433, Springer, p.108 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, S.R., Butler, K., 1990, A&A 235, 326 Google Scholar
Bergeron, P., Fontaine, G., Lacombe, P. et al., 1984, AJ 89, 374 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blackwell, D.E., Shallis, M.J., 1977, MNRAS 180, 177 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohannan, B., Abbott, D.C., Voels, S.A., Hummer, D.G., 1986, ApJ 308. 728 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Böhm-Vitense, E., 1981, ARA&A 19, 295 Google Scholar
Cherepachchuk, A.M., Eaton, J.A., Khaliullin, Kh.F., 1984, ApJ 281, 774 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clegg, R.E.S., Walsh, J.R., 1989, in: Planetary Nebulae, Torres-Peimbert, S. (ed.), Proc IAU Symp. 131, Kluwer, p.223 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Code, A.D., Davis, J., Bless, R.C., Hanbury-Brown, R., 1976, ApJ 203, 417 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowther, P.A., Bohannan, B., 1997, A&A 317, 532 Google Scholar
Crowther, P.A., Smith, L.J., Hillier, D.J., 1995a, A&A 293, 403 Google Scholar
Crowther, P.A., Smith, L.J., Hillier, D.J., 1995b, A&A 302, 457 Google Scholar
Dreizler, S., 1993, A&A 273, 212 Google Scholar
Dreizler, S., Werner, K., 1996, A&A 314, 217 Google Scholar
Dreizler, S., Heber, U., Werner, K., et al., 1990, A&A 235, 234 Google Scholar
Drilling, J.S., Schönberner, D., Heber, U., Lynas-Gray, A.E., 1984, ApJ 278, 224 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Esteban, C., Smith, L.J., Vílchez, J.M., Clegg, R.E.S., 1993, A&A 272, 299 Google Scholar
Gabler, R., Kudritzki, R.-P., Méndez, R.H., 1991, A&A 245, 587 Google Scholar
Garmany, C.D., Massey, P., Conti, P.S., 1984, ApJ 278, 233 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grigsby, J.A., Morrison, N.D., Anderson, L.S., 1992, ApJS 78, 205 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haas, S., Dreizler, S., Heber, U., et al. 1996, A&A 311, 669 Google Scholar
Hamann, W.-R., 1994, Space Sci. Rev. 66, 237 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harman, R.J., Seaton, M.J., 1966, MNRAS 132, 15 Google Scholar
Heap, S.R., Altner, B., Ebbets, D., et al. 1991, ApJ 377, L29 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrero, A., Kudritzki, R.-P., Vilchez, J.M. et al. 1992, A&A 261, 209 Google Scholar
Hilditch, R.W., Harries, T.J., Bell, S.A., 1996, A&A 314, 165 Google Scholar
Hillier, D.J., 1987, ApJS 63, 947 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillier, D.J., 1991, in: Wolf-Rayet stars and Interrelations with Other Massive Stars in Galaxies, Proc. IAU Symp. 143, van der Hucht, K.A., Hidayat, B. (eds.), Kluwer, p.59 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holberg, J.B., Vasile, J., Wesemael, F., 1986, ApJ 306, 629 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howarth, I.D., Prinja, R.K., 1989, ApJS 69, 527 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hummer, D.G., Abbott, D.C., Voels, D.A., Bohannan, B., 1988, ApJ 328, 704 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Humphreys, R.M., McElroy, D.B., 1984, ApJ 284, 565 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeffery, C.S., Heber, U., 1992, A&A 260, 133 Google Scholar
Kilian, J., Becker, S.R., Gehren, T., Nissen, P.E., 1991, A&A 244, 419 Google Scholar
Koesterke, L., Hamann, W.-R., 1995 A&A 299, 503 Google Scholar
Kudritzki, R.-P., 1992, A&A 266, 395 Google Scholar
Kudritzki, R.-P., Gabler, A., Gabler, R., et al. 1989, in: Physics of Luminous Blue Variables, Davidson, K., et al. (eds.), Kluwer, p.67 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurucz, R.L., 1979 ApJS 40, 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kurucz, R.L., 1991, in: Precision Photometry: Astrophysics of the Galaxy, Philip, A.G.D., et al. (eds.), L. Davis Press, p.27 Google Scholar
Lester, J.B., Gray, R.O., Kurucz, R.L., 1986, ApJS 61, 509 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malagnini, M.L., Morossi, C., Rossi, L., Kurucz, R.L., 1986, A&A 162, 140 Google Scholar
McErlean, N., et al. 1997, in prep.Google Scholar
Moehler, S., Heber, U., 1990, De Boer K.S., A&A 239, 265 Google Scholar
Napiwotzki, R., 1995a, in: European Workshop on White Dwarfs, Koester, D., Werner, K. (eds.), Lecture Notes in Physics 433, Springer, p.132 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Napiwotzki, R., 1995b, in: European Workshop on White Dwarfs, Koester, D., Werner, K. (eds.), Lecture Notes in Physics 433, Springer, p.176 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Napiwotzki, R., Schönberner, D., Wenske, V., 1993, A&A 268, 653 Google Scholar
Pauldrach, A.W.A., Kudritzki, R.-P., Puls, J., et al. 1994 A&A 283, 525 Google Scholar
Puls, J., Kudritzki, R.-P., Herrero, A. et al. 1996, A&A 305, 171 Google Scholar
Saffer, R.A., Bergeron, P., Koester, D., Liebert, J., 1994, ApJ 432, 351 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schaerer, D., Schmutz, W., 1994, A&A 288, 231 Google Scholar
Schmidt-Kaler, Th., 1982, in: Landolt-Börnstein, Group VI, Vol 2b, Schaifers, K., Voigt, H.H. (eds.), Springer-Verlag Google Scholar
Schmutz, W., Hamann, W.-R., Wessolowski, U., 1989, A&A 210, 236 Google Scholar
Schönberner, D., Drilling, J.S., 1984, ApJ 278, 702 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schönberner, D., Harmanec, P., 1995, A&A 294, 509 Google Scholar
Sellmaier, F.H., Yamamoto, T., Pauldrach, A.W.A., Rubin, R.H., 1996, A&A 305, L37 Google Scholar
Smalley, B., Dworetsky, M.M., 1995, A&A 293. 446 Google Scholar
Thejll, P., Vennes, S., Shipman, H.L., 1991, ApJ 370, 355 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thejll, P., Bauer, F., Saffer, R., et al. 1994, ApJ 433, 819 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theodossiou, E., Danezis, E., 1991, Ap&SS 183, 91 Google Scholar
Underhill, A.B., 1983, ApJ 266, 718 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vacca, W.D., Garmany, C.D., Shull, J.M., 1996, ApJ 460, 914 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Venn, K.A., 1995, ApJS 99, 659 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voels, S.A., Bohannan, B., Abbott, D.C., Hummer, D.G., 1989, ApJ 340, 107 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, K., Heber, U., Hunger, K., 1991, A&A 244, 437 Google Scholar
Zanstra, H., 1931, Publ. Don. Astrophys. Obs 4, 209 Google Scholar