Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-05T03:09:14.986Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Sanctity and Mission in the Life of Charles De Foucauld

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 January 2016

Ariana Patey*
Affiliation:
Heythrop College, London

Extract

One purpose of canonization, particularly for founders of religious orders, is to present a paradigm for emulation. The legacy of Charles de Foucauld (1858—1916), a Catholic hermit who lived and died in French Algeria as a witness for Christianity to Islam, has been in some dispute. There are nineteen different congregations and associations in the Foucauldian spiritual family, only one of which came to fruition during his lifetime. His beatification in 2005 has sparked a debate about the nature of his vocation, and consequently about which of his characteristics should be emulated. This raises the question of whether he was a monk or a missionary. Careful consideration of his life is an essential prerequisite for answering these questions.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 See Serpette, MauriceSix, Jean-François and Sourisseau, Pierre, Le Testament de Charles de Foucauld (Paris, 2005)Google Scholar; Six, Jean-François, ‘Les Postérités Foucauld’, Revue des sciences religieuses 82 (2008) 465–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 Bazin, RenéCharles de Foucauld, trans. Keelan, P.2nd edn (London, 1943), 145Google Scholar.

3 Foucauld, Charles deCorrespondances sahariennes, ed. Thiriez, P. and Chatelard, A. (Paris, 1998), 605Google Scholar.

4 Six, ‘Postérités’, 477.

5 Bazin, , Charles de Foucauld, 307Google Scholar.

6 de Foucauld, CharlesMeditations of a Hermit, trans. Balfour, Charlotte (London, 1981), 159Google Scholar.

7 ‘Dearest Mother … Continue your Visitation; visit the Touaregs, Morocco, the Sahara, the infidels, and all souls, … unworthy me … convert me, I ask you on my knees’:Bazin, , Charles de Foucauld, 224Google Scholar.

8 Six, Jean-François, The Spiritual Autobiography of Charles de Foucauld, trans. Smith, J. Holland (New York, 2003), 13Google Scholar.

9 Antier, Jean-Jacques, Charles de Foucauld, trans. Smith, J. Shirek (San Francisco, CA, 1999), 68Google Scholar.

10 de Foucauld, Charles, Charles de Foucauld: Lettres à Henry de Castries (Paris, 1938), 86 (translation mine).Google Scholar

11 Six, Autobiography, 15.

12 Ibid. 16.

13 Six, ‘Postérités’, 472.

14 Bouvier, Maurice, Le Christ de Charles de Foucauld (Paris, 2004), 37Google Scholar.

15 Ward, Benedicta, ed., The Lives of the Desert Fathers, trans. Norman Russell (London, 1980), 104Google Scholar.

16 The cells in some of the Egyptian hermit colonies were built with rooms for them to receive audiences: Brown, Peter,’ The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity’, JRS 61 (1971), 80–101 Google Scholar, at 93.

17 Ward, , ed., Lives, 3.Google Scholar

18 Ibid. 50.

19 Ibid. 12.

20 Chittister, JoanThe Rule of Benedict (New York, 1992), 32–3.Google Scholar

21 De Foucauld, , Correspondances sahariennes, 560Google Scholar (translation mine).

22 De Foucauld, , Meditations, 98–9 Google Scholar.

23 de Foucauld, Charles, Letters from the Desert, trans. Barbara Lucas (London, 1977), 178Google Scholar.

24 Bazin, , Charles de Foucauld, 93Google Scholar.

25 De Foucauld, , Meditations, 162Google Scholar.

26 Ibid. 164.

27 On the White Fathers, see Shorter, AylwardCross and Flag in Africa (Maryknoll, NY, 2006)Google Scholar; Ceillier, Jean-Claude, Histoire des missionnaires d’Afrique (Pères Blancs) de 1868 à 1892 (Paris, 2008)Google Scholar.

28 Hillyer, Philip, Charles de Foucauld (Collegeville, MN, 1990)Google Scholar, 127.

29 de Foucauld, Charles, Directoire (Paris, 1933), 50Google Scholar (translation mine).

30 Brown, ‘Rise and Function of the Holy Man’, 91.

31 Ibid.

32 Kedar, Benjamin, Crusade and Mission (Princeton, NJ, 1984)Google Scholar.

33 Stransky, Thomas, ‘Origins of Western Christian Mission in Jerusalem and the Holy Land’, in Ben-Arieh, Y. and Davis, M., eds, Jerusalem in the Mind of the Western World 1800–1948 (London, 1997), 137–54 Google Scholar.

34 Shorter, , Cross and Flag, 2.Google Scholar

35 Six, ‘Postérité’, 475.

36 For information on his pastoral role during the battles of Taghit and El-Mungar, see Bazin, , Charles de Foucauld, 202–10 Google Scholar.

37 Fleming, Fergus, The Sword and the Cross (London, 2003), esp. 172–3 Google Scholar.

38 Quoted in Hillyer, Charles de Foucauld, 136.

39 Didier, Hugues, ‘Charles de Foucauld et l’Algérie’, Courrier de la Fraternité séculière Charles de Foucauld 131 (2007-8), 35–47.Google Scholar

40 Hillyer, , Charles de Foucauld, 163Google Scholar.

41 Six, Testament, 224.

42 Bazin, Charles de Foucauld, 262.

43 Latham, Ian, ‘Charles de Foucauld (1858–1916): Silent Witness for Jesus in the Face of Islam’, in O’Mahony, A. and Bowe, P., eds, Catholics in Interreligious Dialogue: Studies in Monasticism, Theology and Spirituality (Leominster, 2006), 47–70,Google Scholar at 57.

44 Ibid. 56–8.

45 Bazin, Charles de Foucauld, 267.

46 De Foucauld, Correspondances sahariennes, 528 (translation mine).

47 Bazin, Charles de Foucauld, 297.

48 Hillyer, Charles de Foucauld, 146.

49 Athanasius, The Life of Antony and the Letter to Marcellinus, trans, and intro. Robert C. Gregg, CWS (London, 1980), 68.

50 Hillyer, Charles de Foucauld, 131.

51 Ibid. 124.

52 See Fleming, The Sword and the Cross, 32–6, for French expeditions to the region ending in violence.

53 Gen. 13: 17.

54 Hillyer, Charles de Foucauld, 131.

55 Goodier, Alban, An Introduction to the Study of Ascetical and Mystical Theology (London, 1938), 94Google Scholar.

56 Ibid. 133.

57 Ibid. 160.

58 Bazin, Charles de Foucauld, 243, 282.

59 Six, ‘Postérités’, 475.

60 Cyril of Scythopolis, Lives of the Monks of Palestine, intro. J. Binns, trans. Price, R. M., Cistercian Studies 114 (Kalamazoo, MI, 1991), 13Google Scholar.

61 Antier, Charles de Foucauld, 326.

62 Didier, Hughes, ‘Louis Massignon and Charles de Foucauld’, Aram 20 (2008), 337–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

63 Monchanin, Jules, In Quest of the Absolute: The Life and Work of Jules Monchanin, ed. and trans. Weber, J. G., Cistercian Studies 51 (Kalamazoo, MI, 1977), 2.Google Scholar

64 Rahner, Karl, Foreword to Eugene Hillman, The Church as Mission (London, 1966), 1–13 Google Scholar, at 13.