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‘Serpent in the Dust: Sparrow on the Housetop’: Attitudes to Jerusalem and the Holy Land in the Circle of Pope Innocent III1
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 March 2016
Extract
Shortly after his election on 8 January 1198, one of the earliest duties of the youthful and energetic new pope, Innocent III (1198-1216), was to inform the ecclesiastical and lay rulers of Christendom of his succession following the death of his predecessor, the nonagenarian Celestine III (1191-98). His immediate task, therefore, was to undertake a ‘mail-shot’ of a series of personal letters announcing that he had been so chosen. One recipient of such a missive was Aimery the Monk, Patriarch of Jerusalem (1194/97-1202), who was suffering, together with others, the dire consequences of recent events in the Holy Land. Given these circumstances, Innocent’s letter to Aimery was couched in somewhat mild and unexpectedly innocuous language. All he did was to assure the Patriarch of his papal solicitude and to promise that one of his many future duties as pope would be to attempt a resolution of the Holy Land problem. It would be through God’s help and with fasting, tears, and prayers, that the people of the Holy Land might expect to be freed. Eighteen years later they were still waiting.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Studies in Church History , Volume 36: The Holy Land, Holy Lands, and Christian History , 2000 , pp. 154 - 180
- Copyright
- Copyright © Ecclesiastical History Society 2000
Footnotes
1
The new edition of the Register of Innocent III, published by the Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften/Historisches Institut beim österreichischen Kulturinstitut in Rom is cited by the following abbreviations:
Register 1: Die Register Innocenz’ III. 1. Band. 1. Pontifikatsjahr, 1198/99: Texte, ed. Othmar Hageneder and Anton Haidacher (Graz and Cologne, 1964).
Register 2: Die Register Innocenz’ III. 2. Band. 2. Pontifikatsjahr, 1199/1200: Texte, ed. Othmar Hageneder, Werner Maleczek, and Alfred A. Strnad (Rome and Vienna, 1979).
Register 5: Die Register Innocenz’ III. 5. Band. 5. Pontifikatsjahr, 1202/1203: Texte, ed. Othmar Hageneder with Christoph Egger, Karl Rudolf, and Andrea Sommerlechner (Vienna, 1993).
Register 6: Die Register Innocenz’ III. 6. Band. 6. Pontifikatsjahr, 1203/1204: Texte, ed. Othmar Hageneder, John C. Moore, and Andrea Sommerlechner, with Christoph Egger and Herwig Weigl (Vienna, 1995).
Register 7: Die Register Innocenz’ III. 7. Band. 7. Pontifikatsjahr, 1204/1205: Texte, ed. Othmar Hageneder, Andrea Sommerlechner, and Herwig Weigl, with Christoph Egger and Rainer Murauer (Vienna, 1997).
References
2 Ineffabilis sapientia conditoris of 9 Jan. 1198 to the archbishops and bishops of France, in Register 1, pp. 3-5.
3 Previously monk of Corbizzi, near Florence, and Archbishop of Caesarea (1180-97). See Hamilton, Bernard, The Latin Church in the Crusader States: the Secular Church (London, 1980), pp. 122 n.6, 244-7.Google Scholar
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5 Ibid., p. 19, ll. 29-30: ‘ecclesiastice sollicitudinis onus licet insufficientes assumpsimus’.
6 Ibid., p. 20, ll. 19-20: ‘in ieiunio igitur et fletu et planctu, in operibus pietatis, in cantate non fictu, in corde contrito et humiliato spiritu revertamur ad Dominum Deum nostrum.’
7 For relations between Innocent III and the Christian Orient, an invaluable starting-point remains Achille Luchaire, Innocent III, 6 vols (Paris, 1904-8), 4 [Innocent III: la question d’Orient), pp. 1-75. See also Giulio Cipollone, Cristianità - Islam: cattività e liberazione in nome di Dio. Il tempo di Innocenzo III dopo ‘il 1187’, Miscellanea Historiae Pontifìciae, 60 (Rome, 1992); Werner Maleczek, Petrus Capuanus, Kardinal-legat am vierten Kreuzzug, Theologe ($1214) (Vienna, 1988); idem, Pietro Capuano, Patrizio amalfitano, Cardinale, Legato alla Quarta Crociata, Teologo $1214), rev. ed., tr. Fulvio Delle Donne, Biblioteca Amalfitana, 2 (Amalfi, 1997); Moore, John C., ed., Pope Innocent III and his World (Aldershot, 1999), esp. pp. 317–76.Google Scholar
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26 Judg. 7-2-3.
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28 Ps. 115.12.
29 Register 1, no. 13, p. 22 l. 37.
30 Exod. 15.4.
31 Lettres de Jacques de Vitry (1160/70-1240), évêque de Saint-Jean d’Acre: Edition critique, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Leiden, 1960), p. 46.
32 Register 1, no. 302, pp. 430-3, at 432 ll. 17-18: ‘Cum enim Teutonici in ultra marinis partibus commorantes - sicut accepimus - in proximo sint ad propria redituri.’
33 Ibid., no. 336, pp. 498-505.
34 Cole, Preaching of the Crusades, pp. 81-3.
35 Register 1, no. 336, pp. 500-1.
36 Soffredo (?-1208/10), canon of Pistoia, cardinal deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata (1182-93), cardinal priest of S. Prassede (1193-1208/10). See Maleczek, Papst und Kardinabkolleg, pp. 73-6.
37 Maleczek, Pietro Capuano.
38 Thesaurus noms anecdotorum, ed. E. Martène and U. Durand, 5 vols (Paris, 1717), 3, cols 268-87; Huygens, Lettres de Jacques de Vitry, p. 15.
39 Martène and Durand, Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, 3, cols 268-9.
40 Ibid., cols 269-71.
41 ‘Jherusalem gloriosa Judaeae metropolis in medio mundi sita est’: ibid., cols 271-2.
42 Maleczek, Papst und Kardinalskolleg, pp. 73-6.
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45 See n.11 above.
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47 Sicardi episcopi Cremonensis cronica, in MGH Scriptores, XXXI, ed. O. Holder-Egger (Hanover, 1903), pp. 22-77; Ercole Brocchieri, ‘Sicardo di Cremona e la sua opera letteraria’, Annali della Biblioteca governativa e Libreria civica di Cremona, 11 (1958), pp. 1-115.
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53 Gesta Innocenta PP. III, c. III (PL 214, col. xviii): ‘tunc sanctae memoriae Gregorius, octavus papa, in subdiaconum ordinavit’.
54 Stubbs, Epistolae Cantuarienses, p. 68: ‘noverit etiam negotium nostrum promovere efficaciter, qualis sicut accepimus, est dominus Lotbarius, socius domini Pilli, vel de quo placuerit alius’; John C. Moore, ‘Lotario dei Conti di Segni (Pope Innocent III) in the 1180’s’, Archivum Historiae Pontificiae, 29 (1991), pp. 255-8, esp. 257.
55 Henry de Marcy, Abbot of Hautecombe (1160-76) and of Clairvaux (1176-9), Cardinal Bishop of Albano (1179-89). See Markowski, ‘Peter of Blois’, pp. 266-7.
56 Brocchieri, ‘Sicardo’, p. 20.
57 PL 207, col. 533.
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63 Ibid., p. 266 n. 35.
64 Ibid.
65 PL 207, col. 1068: ‘Certe non est ignobilis apud Deum titulus paupertatis.’
66 For an original and sensitive treatment of this issue, see Joseph Canning, ‘Power and the pastor: a reassessment of Innocent III’s contribution to political ideas’, in Moore, Pope Innocent III and his World, pp. 245-53.
67 Chronicon ignoti monachis Cislerciensis sanctae Mariae de Ferraria, ed. Augustus Gaudenzi (Naples, 1888), pp. 32-3.
68 Maleczek, Pietro Capuano, p. 161.
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76 Maleczek, Pietro Capuano, pp. 165-7, on which this paragraph is based.
77 Gesta Innocentii, c. LXXXVIII (PL 214, col. cxl): ‘praemisit itaque dominus papa Soffredum, tituli Sanctae Praxedis presbyterium cardinalem in Hierosolymitanam provinciam ut ibi legationis officium exerceret et fecit ei mille ducentas libras conferri, ut eas turn in necessitates familiae suae, turn in utilitatem terre sanctae provide distribuerit, sicut cognoscere expedire.’
78 Maleczek, Pietro Capuano, pp. 168-9.
79 Hiestand, R. and Mayer, H. E., ‘Die Nachfolge des patriarchen Monachus von Jerusalem’, Baseler Zeitschrift für Geschichte und Altertumskunde, 74 (1974), pp. 109–30 Google Scholar, esp. 128; Maleczek, Pietro Capuano, pp. 182-3.
80 Ut lapsum humani generis, 17 Feb. 1205, PL 215, cols 540-1: ‘quod praedictus cardinalis Sanctae Praxedis factam de se postulationem a canonicis Sepulchri Dominici non admisit.’
81 Register 6, nos 129-34, pp. 214-24.
82 Ibid., no. 130, pp. 219-21. This and other letters are in Andrea, Alfred J. in Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade, Medieval Mediterranean, 29 (Leiden, 2000)Google Scholar. I am most grateful to Prof Andrea for allowing me to see his draft translations.
83 Ut lapsum humani generis, ibid., no. 129, pp. 214-18.
84 Ibid., p. 216 11. 17-21.
85 Ibid., p. 217: ‘cum valde necessarius nobis existas tamquam vir nobilis et honestus, facundus et litteratus, et tam in temporalibus providus quam spiritualibus circumspectus, maxime propter illum specialis devotionis affectum, … propter urgentem tamen necessitatem.’
86 Ibid., p. 218; Maleczek, Pietro Capuano, p. 185.
87 Register 7, no. 23, pp. 395-6.
88 PL 215, cols 699-702; Maleczek, Pietro Capuano, pp. 189-230.
89 PL 215, col. 700: ‘ut simul relinqueretis terram illam quam Dominus sua praesentia consecravit’.
90 Ibid.: ‘venerabili fratte nostro, archiepiscopo Tyrensi, vos pariter subsecuto’.
91 Ibid., cols 699-702.
92 Hamilton, Latin Church, pp. 248-9.
93 Alberic des Trois Fontaines, Chronica, ed. Paul Scheffer Boichorst, in MGH Scriptores, XXIII (Hanover, 1874), pp. 631-950, at p. 884.
94 Hamilton, Latin Church, p. 249.
95 Ibid.
96 Ibid., p. 250. For Daimbaud, see Murray, Alan V., ‘Daimbert of Pisa, the Domus Codefridi and the accession of Baldwin I of Jerusalem’, in Alan V. Murray, ed., From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusades and Crusader Societies 1095-1500, International Medieval Research, 3 (Turnhout, 1998), pp. 81–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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98 Ibid., p. 394 ll. 2-3: ‘tam viva voce quam per litteras’.
99 Gesta Innocentii, c. LXXXIX (PL 214, cols cxl-cxli).
100 D.74 C.2: CIC, 1, col. 262.
101 Register 7, no. 222, p. 395 l. 4: ‘cum ecclesia illa hodie plus habeat oneris quam honoris.’
102 Mosca, Alberto, pp. 171-206.
103 Ibid., pp. 207-69.
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109 X. 2.13.12; CIC, 2, col. 286: ‘praedictus abbas de Locedio nobis exposuit viva voce.’
110 Andrews, ‘Evangelical enthusiasts’, pp. 234-5; eadem, The Early Humiliati (Cambridge, 1999). pp. 83-92.
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114 Mosca, Alberto, pp. 355-89; Hamilton, Latin Church, pp. 250-2.
115 Lydda, Beirut, Sebastia, and Tiberias; in addition the bishop of Bethlehem seems to have resided in the West during Albert’s reign: ibid., p. 250.
116 Ibid., pp. 251-2.
117 PL 216, cols 18-19.
118 Moore, ‘Peter of Lucedio’, pp. 224-5, 240-4.
119 Ibid., pp. 242-3.
120 Register 6, no. 209 (210), pp. 355-8.
121 Register 7, no. 152, pp. 253-62; Moore, ‘Peter of Lucedio’, p. 234.
122 PL 215, cols 555-9.
123 Moore, ‘Peter of Lucedio’, p. 245.
124 Alberzoni, ‘Pietro di Lucedio’, pp. 231-2.
125 PL 215, cols 1004-8; Moore, ‘Peter of Lucedio’, pp. 230-2.
126 ‘Quis dabit mihi pennas sicut columbae, et volabo et requiescam?’ Compare PL 217, col. 686.
127 PL 215, col. 1005.
128 ‘Quin, post electionem et confirmationem canonicam, inter personas eligentium, et electi, spirituale conjugium sit contractum’: PL 215, col. 1006.
129 ‘Cum sis vir potens in opere ac sermone, retorquens os tururis ad ascellas’: ibid., col. 1007; Moore, ‘Peter of Lucedio’, p. 231 n.34.
130 Alberzoni, ‘Pietro di Lucedio’, pp. 234-9.
131 PL 215, cols 1486-9, 1506-7; PL 216, col. 47.
132 PL 215, cols 1500-3.
133 Ibid., col. 1425; Moore, ‘Peter of Lucedio’, p. 233.
134 PL 215, col. 1425: ‘Dispositis itaque quae ad hoc cognoveris necessaria, nostro te conspectui repraesentes, recepturus a nobis consilium et auxilium opportunum.’
135 PL 216, cols 18-19; Moore, ‘Peter of Lucedio’, pp. 233-5.
136 PL 215, cols 1428-9.
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138 PL 216, col. 18: ‘ipse sit simplex, rectus ac timens Deum, et in ejus lege probatus.’
139 Hamilton, Latin Church, pp. 212-24.
140 Moore, ‘Peter of Lucedio’, p. 244.
141 PL 216, cols 46-8.
142 Ibid., col. 47.
143 Ibid., cols 430-2.
144 Ibid., cols 434-5.
145 Ibid., col. 697; Moore, ‘Peter of Lucedio’, pp. 237-8.
146 Ibid., p. 247.
147 Ibid., p. 223.
148 Hamilton, Latin Church, p. 224.
149 PL 215, col. 1083.
150 Ibid., col. 1427.
151 Hamilton, Latin Church, p. 251.
152 PL 216, cols 830-1.
153 Mosca, Alberto, p. 385: ‘diabolicus quidam vir de loco Calixeni, diocesis Iporiensis quem idem pater de suis excessibus corrigebat.’
154 Hamilton, Latin Church, p. 253.
155 Gaudenzi, Ryccardi de Sancto Germano, p. 93: ‘Quo finito, patriarcha lerosolimitanus cum licentia est locutus faciens in suo sermone de succursu terre sancte principaliter mentionem, licet quedam in laudem pretulit domini pape.’
156 16 July 1216: Huygens, Lettres de Jacques de Vitry, p. 73.