Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T08:58:07.190Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Context Variations and Pluri-methodological Issues concerning the Expression of a Social Representation: the Example of the Gypsy Community

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2014

Anthony Piermattéo ,
Grégory Lo Monaco ,
Laure Moreau ,
Fabien Girandola  and
Jean-Louis Tavani
Anthony Piermattéo*
Affiliation:
Aix-Marseille Université (France)
Grégory Lo Monaco
Affiliation:
Aix-Marseille Université (France)
Laure Moreau
Affiliation:
Aix-Marseille Université (France)
Fabien Girandola
Affiliation:
Aix-Marseille Université (France)
Jean-Louis Tavani
Affiliation:
Université Paris Descartes (France)
*
*Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Anthony Piermattéo. Aix Marseille Université, LPS EA 849, 13621, Aix en Provence, France. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Within the social representations’ field of research, the “mute zone” hypothesis considers that some objects are characterized by counternormative content that people usually do not express in standard conditions of production. Within the framework of this approach, this study aims to explore the variations in the expression about the Gypsy community following the manipulation of different contexts and the issues associated with a pluri-methodological approach of data analysis. Indeed, two methodologies have been combined. The participants were asked to express themselves in public or in private. In addition, the identity of the experimenter was also manipulated as she presented herself as a Gypsy or not. Then, through a set of analyses based on a methodological triangulation approach, we were able to observe a recurrent modulation of the participants’ answers. These analyses highlighted a greater incidence of the expression of counternormative elements when the context of expression was private and especially when the experimenter did not present herself as a Gypsy (p < .01, ηp ² = .06). These results will be discussed in terms of the contribution of the methodologies employed and their comparison within the framework of the study of counternormative content.

Keywords

social representationscounternormative contentcontexts of expressionresearch methods
Type
Research Article
Information
The Spanish Journal of Psychology , Volume 17 , 2014 , E85
Copyright
Copyright © Universidad Complutense de Madrid and Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abric, J.-C. (1994). Méthodologie de recueil des représentations sociales [social representations gathering methodology]. In Abric, J.-C. (Ed.), Pratiques sociales et représentations [Social practices and representations] (pp. 59–82). Ramonville Saint-Agne, France: Erès.Google Scholar
Abric, J.-C. (2003). La recherche du noyau central et de la zone muette des représentations sociales [The searching for the central core and the dumb zone of social representations]. In Abric, J.-C. (Ed.), Méthodes d’étude des représentations sociales [Methods of study of social representations] (pp. 59–80). Ramonville Saint-Agne, France: Erès.Google Scholar
Anderson, B. A., Silver, B. D., & Abramson, P. R. (1988). The effects of the race of interviewer on race-related attitudes of Blacks in SRC/CPS National Election Studies. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52, 289–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/269108 Google Scholar
Apostolidis, T. (2003). Représentations sociales et triangulation: Enjeux théorico-méthodologiques [Social representations and triangulation: Theoretical and methodological issues]. In Abric, J. C. (Ed.), Méthodes d’étude des représentations sociales (pp. 13–35). Ramonville Saint-Agne, France: Erès.Google Scholar
Benzécri, J. P. (1976). L’analyse des correspondances [The correspondence analysis] . Paris, France: Dunod.Google Scholar
Blanchard, F. A., Crandall, C. S., Brigham, J. C., & Vaughn, L. A. (1994). Condemning and condoning racism: A social context approach to interracial settings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79, 993–997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.6.993 Google Scholar
Blanchard, F. A., Lilly, T., & Vaughn, L. A. (1991). Reducing the expression of racial prejudice. Psychological Science, 2, 101–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00108.x Google Scholar
Campbell, B. (1981). Race-of-interviewer effects among southern adolescents. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 231–244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/268654 Google Scholar
Chokier, N., & Moliner, P. (2006). La « zone muette » des représentations sociales, pression normative et/ou comparaison sociale [The “mute zone” of social representations, normative pressure and/or social comparison] Bulletin de psychologie, 59, 281–286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/bupsy.483.0281 Google Scholar
Chokier, N., & Rateau, P. (2009). Représentations d’objets « sensibles » et processus de comparaison soi/autrui [Representations of “sensitive” objects and self-other comparison process]. In Rateau, P. & Moliner, P. (Eds.), Représentations sociales et processus sociocognitifs [Social representations and sociocognitive processes] . (pp. 31–44). Rennes, France: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.Google Scholar
Cibois, P. (1983). L’analyse factorielle [The factorial analysis] . Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Davis, D. W. (1997). Nonrandom measurement error and race of interviewer effects among African Americans. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 183–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/297792 Google Scholar
de Rosa, A. S. (1988). Sur l’usage des associations libres dans l’étude des représentations sociales de la maladie mentale [On the use of free-associations in the study of the social representations of mental illness]. Connexions, 51, 27–50.Google Scholar
de Rosa, A. S. (1993). Social representations and attitudes: problems of coherence between the theoretical definition and procedure of research. Papers on Social Representations, 2, 1–15.Google Scholar
Deconchy, J.-P., & Deschamps, J.-C. (2006). Croyances et controle. D’un discours “forcé” à un discours “spontané” [Beliefs and control. From a “forced” discourse to a “spontaneous” one]. Revue Internationale de Psychologie Sociale, 19, 93–124.Google Scholar
Denzin, N. K. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Deschamps, J. C. (2003). Analyse des correspondances et variations des contenus des représentations sociales [Correspondence analysis and variations in the content of social representations]. In Abric, J. C. (Ed.), Méthodes d’étude des représentations sociales (pp. 179–200). Ramonville Saint-Agne, France: Erès.Google Scholar
Deschamps, J.-C., & Guimelli, C. (2002). La composante émotionnelle des représentations sociales: Émotions rapportées et tendances à l'action dans une étude comparative des représentations sociales de l'insécurité en France et en Suisse [The emotional component of social representations: Reported emotions and action tendency in the framework of a comparative study of social representations of insecurity in France and in Switzerland]. Nouvelle Revue de Psychologie Sociale, 1, 78–84.Google Scholar
Deschamps, J.-C., & Guimelli, C. (2004). L’organisation interne des représentations sociales de la sécurité/insécurité et l’hypothèse de la « zone muette » [The inner organization of social representations of security/insecurity and the “mute zone” hypothesis]. In Beauvois, J.-L., Joule, R.-V. & Monteil, J.-M. (Eds.), Perspectives cognitives et conduites sociales [Cognitive perspectives and social behaviors] , (Vol. 9., pp. 105–130). Rennes, France: Presses Universitaires de Rennes.Google Scholar
Deschamps, J.-C., Paez, D., & Pennebaker, J. (2001). Mémoire collective des évènements socio-politiques et culturels: Représentation sociale du passé à la fin du millénium [Collective memory of socio-political and cultural events: Social representation of the past at the end of the millennium]. Psychologie et Société, 2, 26–53.Google Scholar
Di Giacomo, J.-P. (1981). Aspects méthodologiques de l’analyse des représentations [Methodological aspects of the analysis of representations]. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 1, 397–422.Google Scholar
Di Giacomo, J. P. (1986) Alliance et rejets intergroupes au sein d'un mouvement de revendication [Intergroup alliances and rejections at the heart of a protestation movement]. In Doise, W. & Palmonari, A. (Eds.), L'ètude des reprèsentations sociales (pp. 118–138). Neuchâtel, Suiza: Delachaux et Niestlé.Google Scholar
Doise, W., Clemence, A., & Lorenzi-Cioldi, F. (1993). The quantitative analysis of social representations. Hemel Hempstead, UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf.Google Scholar
Ernst-Vintila, A., Delouvée, S., & Roland-Levy, C. (2011). Under threat. Lay thinking about terrorism and the three-dimensional model of personal involvement. A social psychological analysis. Journal of Risk Research, 14, 297–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2010.533468 Google Scholar
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobstrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013–1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.69.6.1013 Google Scholar
Finkel, S. E., Guterbock, T. M., & Borg, M. J. (1991). Race-of-interviewer effects in a presidential poll: Virginia 1989. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 313–330.Google Scholar
Flament, C., Guimelli, C., & Abric, J.-C. (2006). Effets de masquage dans l’expression d’une représentation sociale [Masking effects in the expression of a social representation]. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 69, 15–31.Google Scholar
Flament, C., & Milland, L. (2003). Un effet Guttman dans l’analyse des représentations sociales [A Guttman effect in the analysis of social representations]. In Abric, J.-C. (Ed.), Méthodes d’étude des représentations sociales (pp. 201–220). Ramonville Saint-Agne, France: Erès.Google Scholar
Flament, C., & Milland, L. (2005). Un effet Guttman en ACP [A Guttman effect in PCA]. Mathématiques et Sciences Humaines, 71, 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/msh.2946 Google Scholar
Flament, C., & Milland, L. (2010). La substitution dans les études de représentations sociales: quel processus impliqué ? [The substitution technique in social representations studies: Which process involved ?]. Psychologie française, 55, 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psfr.2010.05.003 Google Scholar
Gaymard, S. (2006). The representation of old people: Comparison between the professionals and students. International Review of Social Psychology, 19, 69–92.Google Scholar
Gilbert, D. T., & Hixon, J. G. (1991). The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotyping beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 509–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.60.4.509 Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York, NY: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Guimelli, C. (1996). Valence et structure des représentations sociales [Valence and structure of social representations]. Bulletin de Psychologie, 49, 58–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guimelli, C. (1998). Chasse et nature en Languedoc. Étude de la dynamique d’une représentation sociale chez des chasseurs languedociens languedociens [Hunting and nature in Languedoc. The study of the dynamic of a social representation among Languedocian hunters] . Paris, France: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Guimelli, C. (2003). Le modèle des schèmes cognitifs de base (SCB). Méthode et applications [The basic cognitive schemes model (BCS). Methodology and applications]. In Abric, J.-C. (Ed.), Méthodes d’étude des représentations sociales (pp. 119–146). Ramonville Saint-Agne, France: Erès.Google Scholar
Guimelli, C., & Deschamps, J.-C. (2000). Effets de contexte sur la production d’associations verbales. Le cas de la représentation sociale des Gitans [Contextual effects on the production of word associations. The case of the social representation of Gypsies]. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 47, 44–54.Google Scholar
Guimelli, C., Lo Monaco, G., & Deschamps, J.-C. (2010). The lawsuit against “Charlie Hebdo” and its effects on the social representations of the Muslim Community. International Review of Social Psychology, 23, 5–36.Google Scholar
Hidalgo, M. (2012). Représentations sociales et contextes: Études autour de l’expression et des comportements en lien avec les éléments masqués [Social representations and contexts: Studies about the expression and behaviors related to masked elements] . Aix-en-Provence, France: Thèse de Doctorat de l’Université d’Aix-Marseille.Google Scholar
Jellison, J. M., & Green, J. (1981). A self-presentation approach to the fundamental attribution error: The norm of internality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 643–649. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.40.4.643 Google Scholar
Kuran, T. (1995). Private truths, public lies. The social consequences of preference falsification. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lajunen, T., & Summala, H. (2003). Can we trust self-reports of driving? Effects of impression management on driver behaviour questionnaire responses. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 6, 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1369-8478(03)00008-1 Google Scholar
Lambert, A. J., Payne, B. K., Jacoby, L. L., Shaffer, L. M., Chasteen, A. L., & Khan, S. R. (2003). Stereotypes as dominant responses: On the “social facilitation” of prejudice in anticipated public contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 277–295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.277 Google Scholar
Le Bouedec, G. (1984). Contribution à la méthodologie d’étude des représentations sociales [Contribution to the methodology of study of social representations]. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 4, 245–272.Google Scholar
Lo Monaco, G. (2008). Les représentations sociales du vin. Etude du rôle de quelques facteurs intervenant dans la construction sociale de la réalité [Social representations of wine. A Study of the role of some factors intervening in the social construction of reality] . Aix-en-Provence, France: Thèse de Doctorat de l’Université de Provence.Google Scholar
Lo Monaco, G., & Guimelli, C. (2008). Représentations sociales, pratique de consommation et niveau de connaissance: Le cas du Vin [Social representations, consumption practices and level of knowledge: The case of wine]. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 78, 35–50.Google Scholar
Lo Monaco, G., & Guimelli, C. (2011). Hegemonic and polemical beliefs: Culture and consumption in the social representation of wine. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 14, 232–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/rev_SJOP.2011.v14.n1.21 Google Scholar
Lo Monaco, G., Lheureux, F., Chianèse, L., Codaccioni, C., Halimi-Falkowicz, S., & Cano, P. (2009). Contexte d’expression, statut social des intervenants de santé et production d’un discours normatif: Le cas de l’alcool et des jeunes [Contexts of expression, social status of health actors and production of a normative discourse: The case of alcohol and young people]. Pratiques psychologiques, 15, 367–386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prps.2008.02.002 Google Scholar
Lo Monaco, G., Piermattéo, A., Guimelli, C., & Abric, J.-C. (2012). Questionnaire of characterization and correspondence factor analysis: A methodological contribution in the field of social representations. The Spanish Journal of Psychology. 15, 1233–1243.Google Scholar
Mamontoff, A. M. (1996). Transformation de la représentation sociale de l’identité et schèmes étranges: Le cas des Gitans [Transformation of the social representation of identity and strange schemes: The case of Gypsies]. Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale, 29, 64–77.Google Scholar
Mamontoff, A. M. (2008). Dynamique de la fonction identitaire des représentations sociales dans le cas d’une rencontre entre deux cultures [Dynamic of the identity function of social representations in the framework of the encounter between two cultures]. Anuario de Psicología, 39, 249–268.Google Scholar
Marková, I., Moodie, I., Farr, R., Drozda-Senkowska, E., Erös, F., Plichtová, J., ... Mullerová, O. (1998). Social representations of the individual: A post-communist perspective. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 797–829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199809/10)28:5<797::AID-EJSP896>3.0.CO;2-6 Google Scholar
Miller, D. T., Monin, B., & Prentice, D. A. (2000). Pluralistic Ignorance and inconsistency between private attitudes and public behaviors. In Terry, D. J. & Hogg, M. A. (Eds.), Attitudes, behavior and social context. The role of norms and group membership (pp. 95–113). London, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Monteith, M. J, Deneen, N. E., & Tooman, G. D. (1996). The effect of social norm activation on the expression of opinions concerning Gay men and Blacks. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 18, 267–288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1803_2 Google Scholar
Moscovici, S. (1976). La psychanalyse, son image et son public [Psychoanalysis: Its image and its public] . Paris, France: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Mouret, M., Lo Monaco, G., Urdapilleta, I., & Parr, W. (2013). Social representations of wine and culture: A comparison between France and New Zealand. Food Quality and Preference, 30, 102–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2013.04.014 Google Scholar
Pérez, J. A., Moscovici, S., & Chulvi, B. (2007). The taboo against group contact: Hypothesis of Gypsy ontologization. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 249–272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466606X111301 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piermattéo, A., Lo Monaco, G., Guimelli, C., & Brel, P. (2012). Représentations sociales et applications dans le champ du marketing du vin [Social representations and applications in the field of wine marketing]. Psihologia Sociala, 29, 53–70.Google Scholar
Plant, E. A., & Devine, P. G. (1998). Internal and external motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 811–832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.3.811 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prentice, D. A., & Miller, D. T. (1993). Pluralistic ignorance and alcohol use on campus: Some consequences of misperceiving the social norm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 243–256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.64.2.243 Google Scholar
Reinert, M. (1993). Les “mondes lexicaux” et leur “logique” à travers l'analyse statistique d'un corpus de récits de cauchemars [The “lexical worlds” and their “logic” through the statistical analysis of a body of nightmare stories]. Langage et société, 66, 5–39.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, R., Rosnow, R. L., & Rubin, D. B. (2000). Contrasts and effect sizes in behavioral research: A correlational approach. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Schuman, H., & Converse, J. M. (1971). The effect of black and white interviewers on Black responses. Public Opinion Quarterly, 35, 44–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/267866 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sechrist, G. B., Swim, J. K., & Stangor, C. (2004). When do the stigmatized make attributions to discrimination occurring to the self and others? The roles of self-presentation and need for control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 111–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.111 Google Scholar
Stangor, C., Swim, J. K., Van allen, K. L., & Sechrist, G. B. (2002). Reporting discrimination in public and private contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.69 Google Scholar
Sudman, S., & Bradburn, N. M. (1974). Response effects in surveys: A review and synthesis. Chicago, IL: Aldine.Google Scholar
Tavani, J. L. (2012). Mémoire sociale et pensée sociale. Etudes empiriques de leurs influences croisées [Social memory and social thinking. Empirical studies of their crossed influences] . Paris, France: Thèse de Doctorat de l’Université Paris Descartes.Google Scholar
Wagner, W., Valencia, J., & Elejabarrieta, F. (1996). Relevance, discourse and the “hot” stable core of social representation. A structural analysis of word associations. British Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 331–351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1996.tb01101.x Google Scholar