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The Nature of Balkan Society Under Ottoman Rule

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 January 2017

Wayne S. Vucinich
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Slavic Review , Volume 21 , Issue 4 , December 1962 , pp. 597 - 616
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies. 1962

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References

1 Montgomery Watt, W., Islam and the Integration of Society (London, 1961), p. 220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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6 Ö. L. Barkan, F. Köprülü, I. H. Uzunçarşili, H. Inalcik, E. Z. Karal, and others.

7 B. Tsvetkova, D. Angelov, B. Djurdjev, G. Elezović, N. Filipović, H. Šabanović, H. Kreševljaković, H. Hadžibegić, and many others.

8 Iu. Krachkovsky, V. A. Gordlevsky, A. Miller, N. A. Smirnov, and others.

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11 See especially Köprülüzade Mehmet Fuat, “Bizans Müesseselerinin Osmanli Müesseselerine Te'siri hakkinda bazi Mülaâhazalar,” Türk Huhuk ve Iktisat Tarihi Mecmuasi, I (1931), 165-313.

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15 The most common fief (sipâhîlik) was the smallest of the landed estates called timar. The holder who rendered military service (cavalry) in exchange for the grant was called the sipâhî. Hence the system is known as the timar-sipâhî system. “A fief yielding revenue amounting to from 2, 000 or 3, 000 to 19, 999 aḳçes [aspres—a. piece of silver] a year was called a Timar.” Gibb and Bowen, op. cit., p. 48.

16 A. (St. Petersburg, 1910), pp. 127-81. K. Jirecek, Istorija Srba (4 vols.; Belgrade, 1922-23), translated by J. Radonic. Nicolae Iorga, Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches (5 vols.; Gotha, 1908-13). Vasil Zlatarsky, Geschichte der Bulgaren (2 vols.; Leipzig, 1917-18). Stojan Novaković, Srbi i Turci XIV i XV veka (Belgrade, 1893). Momčllo Ninčić, Istorija agrarno-praxmih odnosa srpskih težaka pod Turcima (Belgrade, 1903). Branislav Nedeljković, Istorija baštinske svojine (Belgrade, 1930).

17 Branislav Djurdjev, “Prilog pitanju razvitka i karaktera tursko-osmanskog feudalizma —timarsko-spahiskog uredjenja,” Godišnjak Istoriskog DruStva Bosne i Hercegovine, II (Sarajevo, 1950), 19-82. Nedim Filipović, “Pogled na osmanski feudalizam sa naročitim obzirom na agrarne odnose,” ibid., IV (1952), 5-146.

18 Halil Inalcik, “Timariotes Chretiens en Albanie au XVe siècle, d'après un régistre de timars ottomans,” Mitteilungen des österreichischen Staatsarchivs, IV (1952), 118-38. Branislav Djurdjev, “Krišćani spahije u severnoj Srbiji u XV veku,” Godišnjak Istoriskog Društva. ., IV (1952), 165-69. Lewis, “Turkey: Westernization,” in Grunebaum, op. tit., p. 317. , XIII (1958), 184-97.

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23 Ibid., p. 155.

24 ibid.

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27 ibid.

28 (2 vols.; Moscow, 1954), I, 225-36. , I (Sofia, 1954), 303-5. (Moscow, 1949).

29 Once a title of an officer in charge of an orta (a company or “center“) of Janissaries (Yeniçeri), the term eventually came to mean “well-to-do person.“

30 Finlay, op. cit., V, 155.

31 Officially referred to as the Rum milleti—“the Roman community.“

32 Gibb and Bowen, op. cit., Part 2, pp. 215-16.

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35 Gibb and Bowen, op. cit., Part 2, p. 232.

36 Ibid., p. 223.

37 Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey, p. 350.

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40 Lewis, “Turkey: Westernization,” in Grunebaum, op. cit., p. 317.

41 For more recent appraisals of the historical significance of Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine Empire, see for a Marxist point of view, , VII (1953), and for a non-Marxist view 1453-1953: Le cinq-centième anniversaire de la prise de Constantinople (Athens, 1953).

42 Bernard Lewis, Emergence of Modern Turkey, pp. 1-17. In the thirteenth century, according to Claude Cahen, the term “Turk” was used exclusively in reference to the “barbarous” Turkoman frontier population. Grunebaum, op. cit., pp. 329-30.

43 Vambery, H., Das Turkenvolk in seinen ethnologischen und ethnographischen Beziehungen (Leipzig, 1885), pp. 601–7 Google Scholar. Truhelka, Ć., Macedonski Juruci (Zagreb, 1941)Google Scholar. Šopova, D., Makedonija v XVI i XVII vek (Skopje, 1955), p. 47–62.Google Scholar

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47 Ibid.

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63 Jovan Cvijić, Balkansko poluostrvo, 1, 154-55.

64 Finlay, op. cit., V, 55.

65 ibid., p. 58; III, 522; IV, 266.

66 Ibid., V, 104-5.

67 ibid., pp. 125-26.

68 ibid., pp. 125.

69 Lewis, “Turkey: Westernization,” in Grunebaum, op. cit., p. 317.

70 Finlay, op. cit., V, 149-50.

71 Evlija Čelebija, Putopis (2 vols.; Sarajevo, 1954). Translation by Hazim Šabanović from Turkish original entitled “Evliya Celebi Siyahatnamesi Istanbul 1314/1896—1318/1900.“

72 Traian Stoianovich, “Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant,” Journal of Economic History, June, 1960, pp. 234-313.

73 Finlay, op. cit., V, 122.

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