Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T14:05:21.531Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Problems in chemical pathology interpretations in the elderly

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2008

Hyman Rochman*
Affiliation:
The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
*
Hyman Rochman, Department of Pathology, Division of the Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Room BH S-329, Box 414, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Clinical geriatrics
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Griffin, MR, Ray, WA, Fought, RL, IIIMelton, LJ. Black-white differences in fracture rates. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 136: 1378–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Freaney, R, McBrinn, Y, McKenna, MJ. Secondary hyperparathyroidism in elderly people: combined effect of renal insufficiency and vitamin D deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 1993; 58: 187–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3Holick, M, Matsuoka, LY, Wortsman, J. Age, vitamin D and solar ultraviolet [Letter]. Lancet 1989; ii: 1104–05.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4Prior, JC, Vigna, YM, Schechter, MT, Burgess, AE. Spinal bone loss and ovulatory disturbances. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1221–27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Reid, IR, Ames, RW, Evans, MC, Gamble, GD, Sharpe, SJ. Effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 460–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6Devine, A, Prince, RL, Kerr, DA et al. Correlates of intestinal calcium absorption in women 10 years past menopause. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 52: 358–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
7Sokoll, LJ, Dawson-Hughes, B. Effect of menopause and aging on serum total ionized calcium and protein concentrations. Calcif Tissue Int 1989; 44: 181–85.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8Sorva, A, Elfving, S, Sievers, G, Tilvers, R. Calcemic status of geriatric patients. A longitudinal study. Gerontology 1992; 38: 8791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Lukert, B, Higgins, J, Stoskopf, M. Menopausal bone loss is partially regulated by dietary intake of vitamin D. Calcif Tissue Int 1992; 51: 173–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10Krall, EA, Sahyoun, N, Tannenbaum, S, Dallal, GE, Dawson-Hughes, B. Effect of vitamin D intake on seasonal variations in parathyroid hormone secretion in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 1777–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11MacDonald, D, Lau, E, Chan, ELP et al. Serum intact parathyroid hormone levels in elderly Chinese females with hip fracture. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 51: 412–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12Kao, PC, Van Heerden, JA, Grant, CS, Klee, GG, Khosla, S. Clinical performance of parathyroid hormone immunometric assays. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67: 637–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Kao, PC, Klee, GG, Taylor, RL, IIIHeath, H. Parathyroid hormone-related peptide in plasma of patients with hypercalcemia and malignant lesions. Mayo Clin Proc 1990; 65: 13991407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Clemens, TL, Adams, JS, Henderson, SL, Holick, MF. Increased skin pigment reduces the capacity of skin to synthesize vitamin D3. Lancet 1982; 1: 7476.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Perry, HM, Miller, DK, Morley, JE et al. A preliminary report of vitamin D and calcium metabolism in older African Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 612–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16Vanderschueren, D, Gevers, G, Raymaekers, G, Devos, P, Dequeker, J. Sex- and age-related changes in bone and serum osteocalcin. Calcif Tissue Int 1990; 46: 179–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17Åkesson, K, Ljunghall, S, Gärdsell, P, Sernbo, I, Obrant, KJ. Serum osteocalcin and fracture susceptibility in elderly women. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 53: 8690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Nielsen, HK, Lundby, L, Rasmussen, K, Charles, P, Hansen, C. Alcohol decreases serum osteocalcin in a dose-dependent way in normal subjects. Calcif Tissue Int 1990; 46: 173–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Knapen, MHJ, Lie, K-SG, Hamulyàk, K, Vermeer, C. Vitamin K-induced changes in markers for osteoblastic activity and urinary calcium loss. Calcif Tissue Int 1993; 53: 8185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Szulc, P, Chapuy, M-C, Meunier, PJ, Delmas, PD. Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin is a marker of the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 1769–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Ferland, G, Sadowski, JA, O'Brien, ME. Dietary induced subclinical vitamin K deficiency in normal human subjects. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 1761–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22Harris, MI, Hadden, WC, Knowler, WC, Bennett, PH. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance and plasma glucose levels in US population aged 20–74 years. Diabetes 1987; 36: 523–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23American Diabetes Association. Position statement: screening for diabetes. Diabetes Care 1989; 12: 588–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24World Health Organization. Diabetes mellitus. Report of a WHO study group, technical report series 727. Geneva: WHO, 1985.Google Scholar
25Simmons, D, Williams, DRR, Powell, MJ. The Coventry diabetes study: prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in Europids and Asians. Q J Med 1991; 81: 1021–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Feskens, EJM, Kromhout, D. Glucose tolerance and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: the Zutphen study. J Clin Epidemol 1992; 45: 1327–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27Mykkänen, L, Laakso, M, Pyörälä, K. Asymptomatic hyperglycemia and atherosclerotic vascular disease in the elderly. Diabetes Care 1992; 15: 1020–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Liu, QZ, Pettitt, DJ, Hanson, RL et al. Glycated haemoglobin, plasma glucose and diabetic retinopathy: cross-section and prospective analyses. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 428–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29Mykkänen, L, Kuusisto, J, Pyörälä, K, Laakso, M. Cardiovascular disease risk factors as predictors of Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus in elderly subjects. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 553–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Tchobroutsky, G. Blood glucose levels in diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 1991; 34: 6773.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31Marker, JD, Cryer, PE, Clutter, WW. Attenuated glucose recovery from hypoglycemia in the elderly. Diabetes 1992; 41: 671–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32Pandit, MK, Burke, J, Gustafson, AB, Minocha, A, Peiris, AN. Drug-induced disorders of glucose tolerance. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 529–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Stein, PP, Black, HR. Drug treatment of hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 425–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34The Hypertension in Diabetes Study Group. Hypertension in Diabetes Study (HDS): 1. Prevalence of hypertension in newly presenting Type 2 diabetic patients and the association with risk factors for cardiovascular and diabetic complications. J Hypertens 1993; 11: 309–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
35Blunt, BA, Barrett-Conner, E, Wingard, DL. Evaluation of fasting plasma glucose as screening test for NIDDM in older adults. Rancho Bernardo study. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 989–93.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Harris, MI. Impaired gluocose tolerance in the US population. Diabetes Care 1989; 12: 464–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37Sparrow, D, Borkan, GA, Gerzof, SG, Wisniewski, C, Silbert, CK. Relationship of fat distribution to glucose tolerance. Results of computed tomography in male participants of the normative aging study. Diabetes 1986; 35: 411–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Finch, CF, Zimmet, PZ, Alberti, KGMM. Determining diabetes prevalence: a rational basis for the use of fasting plasma glucose concentration? Diabetic Medicine 1990; 7: 603–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39Harlan, LC, Harlan, WR, Landis, JR, Goldstein, NG. Factors associated with glucose tolerance in adults in the United States. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 126: 674–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40Horowitz, M, Edelbroek, MAL, Wishart, JM, Straathof, JW. Relationship between oral glucose tolerance and gastric emptying in normal healthy subjects. Diabetologia 1993; 36: 857–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Horowitz, M, Maddern, GJ, Chatterton, BE, Collins, PJ, Harding, PE, Shearman, DJC. Changes in gastric emptying rates with age. Clin Sci 1984; 67: 213–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Loo, FD, Palmer, DW, Soergel, KH, Kalbfleisch, JH, Wood, CM. Gastric emptying in patients with diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 485–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Phillips, WT, Schwartz, JG, McMahan, CA. Reduced postprandial blood glucose levels in recently diagnosed non-insulin-dependent diabetics secondary to pharmacologically induced delayed gastric emptying. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 5158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44DeFronzo, RA. Glucose intolerance and aging: evidence for tissue insensitivity to insulin. Diabetes 1979; 28: 1095–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45Cagnacci, A, Soldani, R, Carriero, PL, Paoletti, AM, Fioretti, P, Melis, GB. Effects of low doses of transdermal 17 beta-estradiol on carbohydrate metabolism in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992; 74: 1396–400.Google ScholarPubMed
46Barrett-Connor, E, Criqui, MH, Witztum, JL, Philipi, T, Zettner, A. Population-based study of glycosylated hemoglobin, lipids and lipoproteins in nondiabetic adults. Atherosclerosis 1987; 7: 6670.Google ScholarPubMed
47Graf, RJ, Holler, JB, JrPorte, D. Glycosylated hemoglobin in normal subjects and subjects with maturity-onset diabetes. Diabetes 1978; 27: 834–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
48Kabady, UM. Glycosylation of proteins: lack of influence of aging. Diabetes Care 1988; 11: 429–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49Simon, D, Senan, C, Garnier, P, Saint-Paul, M, Papoz, L. Epidemiological features of glycated haemoglobin A1c-distribution in a healthy population. Diabetologia 1989; 32: 864–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
50Mulkerrin, EC, Arnold, JD, Dewar, R, Sykes, D, Rees, A, Pathy, MSJ. Glycosylated haemoglobin in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in elderly people. Age Ageing 1992; 21: 175–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
51Neil, A, Thorogood, M, Hawkins, M, Cohen, D, Potok, M, Mann, J. A prospective population-based study of microalbuminuria as a predictor of mortality in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1993; 16: 9961003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52Mattock, MB, Morrish, NJ, Viberti, G, Keen, H, Fitzgerald, AP, Jackson, G. Prospective study of microalbuminuria as predictor of mortality in NIDDM. Diabetes 1992; 41: 736–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53Allawi, J, Rao, PV, Gilbert, R et al. Microalbuminuria in non-insulin dependent diabetes: its prevalence in Indian compared with Europid patients. BMJ 1988; 296: 462–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54Deckert, T, Feldt-Rasmussen, B, Borch-Johnsen, K, Jensen, T, Kofoed-Enevoldsen, A. Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage. Diabetologia 1989; 32: 219–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55Damsgaard, EM, Froland, A, Jorgensen, OD, Mogensen, CE. Microalbuminuria as predictor of increased mortality in elderly people. BMJ 1990; 300: 297300.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56Scardino, PT, Weaver, R, Hudson, MA. Early detection of prostate cancer. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 211–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57Foster, CS, Abel, PD. Clinical and molecular techniques for diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 395401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
58Lange, PH. Prostatic specific antigen in diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. Urology 1990; 36 (suppl): 2529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59Colberg, JW, Smith, DS, Catalona, WJ. Prevalence and pathological extent of prostate cancer in men with prostate specific antigen levels of 2.9 to 4.0 ng/ml. J Urol 1993; 149: 507509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60Oesterling, JE, Martin, SK, Bergstralh, EJ et al. The use of prostate-specific antigen in staging patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. JAMA 1993; 269: 5760.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61Lange, PH, Ercole, CJ, Lightner, DJ, Fralgy, EE, Vessella, R. The value of serum prostate specific antigen determination before and after radical prostatectomy. J Urol 1989; 14: 873–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62Price, A, Attwood, SGA, Grant, JBF, Gray, TA, Moore, KTH. Measurement of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase concentration in serum before and 1–42 days after transurethral resection of the prostate and orchidectomy. Clin Chem 1991; 37: 859–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63Foster, LS, Jajodia, P, JrFournier, G, Shinohara, K, Carroll, P, Narayan, P. The value of prostate specific antigen and transectional ultrasound guided biopsy in detecting prostatic fossa recurrence following radical prostatectomy. Br J Urol 1993; 149: 1024–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64Takayama, TK, Vessella, RL, Brawer, MK, Noteboom, J, Lange, PH. The enhanced detection of persistent disease after prostatectomy with a new prostate specific antigen immunoassay. J Urol 1993; 150: 374–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65Stamey, TA, Graves, HCB, Wehner, N, Ferrari, M, Freiha, FS. Early detection of residual prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy by an ultrasensitive assay for prostate specific antigen. J Urol 1993 149: 787–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66Kelly, WK, Scher, HI, Mazumdar, M, Vlamis, V, Schwartz, M, Fossa, SD. Prostate-specific antigen as a measure of disease outcome in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 607–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67DuPont, A, Gomez, J-L, Cusan, L, Koutsilieris, M, Labrie, F. Response to flutamide withdrawal in advanced prostate cancer in progression under combination therapy. J Urol 1993; 150: 908–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68Konchuba, AM, Schellhamer, PF, Kolm, P, Clements, MA, JrWright, GL. Deoxyribonucleic acid cytometric analysis of prostate core biopsy specimens: relationship to serum prostate biopsy specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. Br J Urol 1993; 150: 115–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69Mannini, D, Maver, P, Aiello, E et al. Spontaneous circadian fluctuations of prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase in patients with prostatic cancer. Urol Res 1988; 16: 912.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70JrDejter, SW, Martin, JS, McPherson, RA, Lynch, JH. Daily variability in human serum prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase: a comparative evaluation. Urology 1988; 32: 288–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
71Leventhal, EK, Rozanski, TA, Morey, AF, Rholl, V. The effects of exercise and activity on serum prostate specific antigen levels. J Urol 1993; 150: 893–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72Simak, SM, Mandesbacher, S, Zhang, Z, Maier, U. The impact of ejaculation on serum prostate specific antigen. J Urol 1994; 150: 895–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
73Levine, AC, Droller, MA, Kirschenbaum, A, Gabrilove, JL, Kaplan, P. Serum prostate-antigen levels in patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy treated with leuprolide. Br J Urol 1989; 334: 1013.Google Scholar
74Sawin, CT, Chopra, D, Azizi, F, Mannix, JE, Bacharach, P. The aging thyroid. Increased prevalence of elevated serum thyrotropin levels in the elderly. JAMA 1979; 242: 247–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75Nusynowitz, ML, Young, RL. Thyroid dysfunction in the ailing, aging and aberrant [Editorial]. JAMA 1979; 242: 275–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76Denham, MJ, Wills, EJ. A clinico-pathological survey of thyroid glands in old age. Gerontology 1980; 26: 160–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77Burroughs, V, Shenkman, L. Thyroid function in the elderly. Am J Med Sci 1982; 283: 817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78Schade, ROK, Owen, SO, Smart, GA, Hall, R. The relation of thyroid auto-immunity to round-celled infiltration of the thyroid gland. J Clin Pathol 1960; 13: 499501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79Mizukami, Y, Michigishi, T, Kawoto, M et al. Chronic thyroiditis: thyroid function and histologic correlations in 601 cases. Hum Pathol 1992; 23: 980–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80Geul, KW, Van Sluisveld, ILL, Grobbee, DE et al. The importance of thyroid microsomal antibodies in the development of elevated serum TSH in middle-aged women. Associations with serum lipids. Clin Endocrinol 1993; 39: 275–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
81Liewendahl, K. Thyroid function tests: performance and limitations of current methodologies. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1992; 52: 435–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82Spencer, CA, Schwarzbin, D, Guttler, RB, LoPresti, JS, Nicologg, JT. Thyrotropin (TSH) assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 76: 494–98.Google ScholarPubMed
83Kabadi, UM. ‘Subclinical hypothyroidism’: natural course of the syndrome during a prolonged follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 957–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84Bhakri, HL, Fisher, R, Khadri, A, MacMahon, DG. Longitudinal study of thyroid function in acutely ill elderly patients using a sensitive TSH assay-defer testing until recovery. Gerontology 1990; 36: 140–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
85Stott, DJ, McLellan, AR, Finlayson, J, Chu, P, Alexander, WD. Elderly patients with suppressed serum TSH but normal free thyroid hormone levels usually have mild thyroid overactivity and are at increased risk of developing overt hyperthyroidism. Q J Med 1991; 278: 7784.Google Scholar
86Parle, JV, Franklyn, JA, Cross, KW, Jones, SC, Sheppard, MD. Prevalence and follow-up of abnormal thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations in the elderly in the United Kingdom. Clin Endocrinol 1991; 34: 7783.Google ScholarPubMed
87Hershman, JM, Pekary, AE, Berg, L, Solomon, DH, Sawin, CT. Serum thyrotropin and thyroid hormone levels in elderly and middle-aged euthyroid persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993; 41: 823–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88Custro, N, Scafidi, V, Notarbartolo, A. Alterations in circadian rhythm of serum thyrotropin in critically ill patients. Acta Endocrinol 1992; 127: 1822.Google ScholarPubMed
89Mariotti, S, Sansoni, P, Barbesino, G et al. Thyroid and other organ-specific autoantibodies in healthy centenarians. Lancet 1992; 339: 1506–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90Konno, N, Yuri, K, Taguchi, H et al. Screening for thyroid diseases in an iodine sufficient area with sensitive thyrotropin assays and serum thyroid autoantibody and urinary iodide determinations. Clin Endocrinol 1993; 38: 273–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
91Takasu, N, Yamada, T, Takasu, M et al. Disappearance of thyrotropin-blocking antibodies and spontaneous recovery from hypothyroidism in autoimmune thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 513–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
92Perres, P, Cromble, AL, Matthews, JNS, Kendall-Taylor, P. Age and gender influence the severity of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: a study of 101 patients attending a combined thyroid-eye clinic. Clin Endocrinol 1993; 38: 367–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
93Mendez, JC, Tejeda, C, Flores, M. Serum lipid levels among rural Guatemalan Indians. Am J Clin Nutr 1962; 10: 403409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
94Sinnet, PF, White, HM. Epidemiological studies in a total highland population, Tukisenta, New Guinea. Cardiovascular disease and relevant clinical, electrocardiographic, radiological and biochemical findings. J Chron Dis 1973; 26: 265–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
95Connor, WE, Cerqueira, MT, Conner, RW, Wallace, RB, Malinow, MR, Casdorph, HR. The plasma lipids, lipoproteins and diet of the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31: 1131–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
96Rossow, JE, Van Staden, DA, Benadé, AJS et al. Is it normal for serum cholesterol to rise with age? Atherosclerosis 1986; 7: 3740.Google Scholar
97Spady, DK, Dietschy, JM. Interaction of aging and dietary fat in the regulation of low density lipoprotein transport in the hamster. J Lipid Res 1989; 30: 559–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
98Weber, G, Bianciardi, G, Bussani, R et al. Atherosclerosis and aging. A morphometric study on arterial lesions of elderly and very elderly necropsy subjects. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988; 112: 1066–70.Google Scholar
99Kasim, S. Cholesterol changes with aging. Their nature and significance. Geriatrics 1987; 42: 7382.Google Scholar
100Stevenson, JC, Crook, D, Godsland, IF. Influence of age and menopause on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women. Atherosclerosis 1993; 98: 8390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
101Van Beresteijn, ECH, Korevaar, JC, Kuijbregts, PCW, Scheuten, EG, Burema, J, and Kok, FJ. Perimenopausal increase in serum cholesterol: a 10–year longitudinal study. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137: 383–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
102Castelli, WP, Wilson, PWF, Levy, D, Andreson, K. Cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly. Am J Cardiol 1989; 63: 12H19H.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
103Kronmal, RA, Cain, KC, Ye, Z, Omenn, GS. Total serum cholesterol levels and mortality risk as a function of age. Arch Intern Med 1993; 153: 1065–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104Rhoads, GG, Guilbrandsen, CL, Kagan, A. Serum lipoproteins and coronary heart disease in a population study of Hawaii Japanese men. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 293–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
105Gordon, T, Castelli, WP, Hjortland, MC. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease. The Framingham study. Am J Med 1977; 62: 707–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
106Cashin-Hemphill, L, Mack, WJ, Pagoda, JM, Sanmarco, ME, Azen, SP, Blankenhorn, DH. Beneficial effects of colestipol-niacin on coronary atherosclerosis. JAMA 1990; 264: 3013–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
107Blankenhorn, DH, Azen, SP, Kramsch, DM et al. Coronary angiographie changes with lovostatin therapy. The monitored atherosclerosis regression study (MARS). Ann Intern Med 1993; 119: 969–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
108Keys, A. High density lipoprotein cholesterol and longevity. J Epidemial Commun Health 1987; 42: 6065.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
109Nikkilä, M, Heikinen, J. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and longevity. Age Ageing 1990; 19: 119–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
110Nicholson, J, Gartside, PS, Siegel, M, Spencer, W, Steiner, PM, Glueck, CJ. Lipid and lipoprotein distrbutions in octo- and nonagenarians. Metabolism 1979; 28: 5155.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111Heckers, H, Burkard, W, Schmaul, FW, Fuhrmann, W, Platt, D. Hyper-alpha-lipoproteinemia and hypo-beta-lipoproteinemia are not markers for a high life expectancy. Serum lipids and lipoprotein findings in 103 randomly selected nonagenarians. Gerontology 1982; 28: 176202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
112Alvarez, C, Orejas, A, Gonzalez, S, Diaz, R, Colomo, LF. Reference intervals for serum lipids, lipoproteins and apoproteins in the elderly. Clin Chem 1984; 303: 404406.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
113Kottke, B, Moll, PP, Michels, W, Weidman, WH. Levels of lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in a defined population. Mayo Clin Proc 1991; 66: 11981208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
114Stampfer, MJ, Golditz, GA, Willett, WC et al. Postmenopausal estrogen therapy and cardiovascular disease. Ten-year follow-up from the nurses' health study. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 756–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
115Mänttäri, M, Javela, K, Koskinen, P et al. Seasonal variation in high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 1993; 100: 257–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
116Hense, HW, Döring, A, Stieber, J, Keil, U. The association of antihypertensive treatment patterns and adverse lipid effects in population-based studies. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 1423–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
117Superko, HR, Kaskell, WL, Krauss, RM. Association of lipoprotein subclass distribution with use of selective and non-selective beta-blocker medications in patients with coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 1993; 101: 18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
118Miller, NE. Why does plasma low density lipoprotein concentration in adults increase with age? Lancet 1984; 1: 263–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
119Abbott, RD, Garrison, RJ, Wilson, PWF et al. Joint distribution of lipoprotein cholesterol classes. The Framingham study. Arteriosclerosis 1983; 3: 260–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
120Campos, H, Sacks, FM, Walsh, BW, Schiff, I, O'Hanesian, MA, Krauss, RM. Differential effects of estrogen on low-density lipoprotein subclasses in healthy postmenopausal women. Metabolism 1993; 42: 1153–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
121Friedewald, WT, Levy, RI, Fredrickson, PS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without the use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
122Bainton, D, Miller, NE, Bolton, CH et al. Plasma triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol as predictors of ischaemic heart disease in British men. Br Heart J 1993; 68: 6066.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
123Assmann, MD, Schulte, H. Relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides to incidence of atherosclerotic coronary disease (the PROCAM experience). Am J Cardiol 1992; 70: 733–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
124Bentsson, C, Björkelund, C, Lapidus, LO, Lissner, L. Association of serum lipid concentration and obesity with mortality in women: 20-year follow-up of participants in prospective population study in Gothenburg, Sweden. BMJ 1993; 307: 1385–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
125Bush, TL, Cowan, LD, Barrett-Conner, E et al. Estrogen use and all-cause mortality: preliminary results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program follow-up study. JAMA 1983; 249: 903906.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed