Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T06:30:26.229Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Miles Hogarde: Artisan and Aspiring Author in Sixteenth-Century England

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 November 2018

J. W. Martin
J. W. Martin*
Affiliation:
Washington, D. C.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Miles Hogarde has been recognized, both by his Protestant antagonists in Queen Mary's reign and by modern historians,as the best of the Roman Catholic propagandists in the bitter pamphlet war of 1553-58. But there is more to Hogarde than the polemic brilliance of The displaying of the Protestantes, and little attention has been given to these other aspects—particularly that implicit in his characterization by Anthony Wood, the seventeenth-century Oxford antiquarian, as “the first trader or mechanic that appeared inprint for the catholic cause, I mean one that had not received any monastical or academic breeding.” Whether or not Hogarde was statistically the first, he was certainly regarded (both by his opponents and himself) as unusual in his role, though Protestant lay preachers had been unobtrusively present in England for years past. He is unusual in various ways: for one thing, instances of sixteenth-century London artisans expressing themselves in print are certainly not numerous.

Type
Research Article
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 34 , Issue 3 , Autumn 1981 , pp. 359 - 383
Copyright
Copyright © Renaissance Society of America 1981

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 The name is variously spelled, The Dictionary of National Biography preferring “Miles Huggarde” and the Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, 1475-1640, rev. ed. (London, 1926 and 1976) adopting “Miles Hogarde.” Except within quotations, I have followed the latter spelling. I am grateful to the STC staff at the British Library for kindly allowing me to consult the corrected typescript of the Hogarde items which appear in the still unpublished Vol. I of the revised STC.

2 The lamentacion of England, [1558] (STC 10015), refers three times to Hogarde's attacks on Protestants and to no other Roman Catholic pamphleteer more than once; the Protestant exile writer, William Plough, wrote An apology for Protestants in direct response to Hogarde's main polemic tract. (This is now lost, but see Baskerville, Edward J., A Chronological Bibliography of Propaganda and Polemic Published in English between 1553 and 1558 [Philadelphia, 1979], p. 82.Google Scholar) For modern judgments see Loades, D. M., The Reign of Mary Tudor (London, 1979)Google Scholar, passim; “The Press under the Early Tudors,” Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society, 4 (1964), 29-50; Loach, Jennifer, “Pamphlets and Politics,” Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 48 (1975), 31–45.Google Scholar

3 The remark is made incidentally in Wood's article on Plough, John, Athenae Oxonienses,ed. Blair, Philip. 3rd ed., (facsimile, N.Y., 1967), p. 301.Google Scholar

4 For 1540: Robert Wisdom (archdeacon of Ely under Elizabeth), when imprisoned in 1540, mentions Hogarde three times as one of his persecutors in a justificatory document printed in Strype, John, Ecclesiastical Memorials (London, 1816), VI, 223–239.Google Scholar For 1558: see n.2 above. In the late 1540s Hogard is attacked at more length in anti-Catholic satirical verses aimed chiefly at Bishop Gardiner, printed in Strype, , Eccl. Mem., VI, 314–318 Google Scholar, Stanza 10. I owe this reference to Dr. Baskerville.

5 Crowley, Robert, The confutation of the misshapen aunswer to the misnamed wicked ballade called the abuse of the blessed sacramente of the altare, wherein thou haste, gentle reader, the ryghte understandynge of al the places of scripture that Myles Hoggarde, with his learned counsell, hath wrested to make for the transubstantiacion of the bread and wyne. London, John Day and William Seres, 1548 Google Scholar (STC 6082), sig. A5. Hereafter, Confutation.

6 The full titles of Hogarde's surviving works (together with short referral titles) are listed in approximate chronological order in the Appendix.

7 Hogarde affirms both facts in a first-hand account printed in Foxe, John, Actes and Monuments, ed. Pratt, J. (London, 1870-77), VII, III.Google Scholar

8 Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1553-54, P. 386. I am grateful to Dr. C.J. Kitching, of the Public Record Office, for this reference.

9 Harley MS. 3444 (British Library) and Huntington MS. 121. As Dr. Baskerville has noted (op. cit., p. 45), the text of the former appears identical with STC 13560.5.

10 His name does not appear in the index of members of the Company of Haberdashers, 1526-1607, Guildhall Library MS. 15857; or in the Register of Freemen of the City of London in the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI, ed. C. Welch (London, 1908); or in Index of Wills Proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, 1558-83, ed. L. L. Duncan (London, 1898).

11 Confutation, sig. A6.

12 Mirrour of love. Preface.

13 A mirror for magistrates, 1559 (STC 1247), other editions following; see also The chronicle of John Hardyn in metre, 1543 (STC 12767), The chronicle beginnynge at the vii ages of the worlde, 1535 (STC 9984). C. S. Lewis notes that verse writing in the late medieval tradition continued through the reign of Edward VI: English Literature in the Sixteenth Century excluding the Drama (Oxford, 1954), p. 64.

14 E.g., The plowmans tale, 1540 (STC 5100), which attempts a Chaucerian flavor in its prologue and epilogue; Jack up lande, 1545 (STC 5098), which bears Chaucer's name in its title page and his portrait as front is piece but consists entirely of satirical prose aimed at friars. On Langland's Vision, see King, John N., “Robert Crowley's Editions of Piers Plowman: A Tudor Apocalypse,” Modern Philology, Vol. 73, No. 4, Part 1 (May 1976), 34–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar On Piers rebuking the Roman hierarchy, see I playne Piers which cannot flatter, 1550 (STC 19903a); A godly dialogue & disputation betwene Pyers plowman and a popysh preest, [c. 1550] (STC 19903);Pierce the ploughmans crede, 1553 (STC 19904); Pyers plowmans exhortation unto the lordes, knightes and burgoysses of the parlaymenthouse, [ 1550] (STC 19905).

15 Assault of the sacrament, sig. Elv-E2.

16 Ibid., sig. C3v.

17 Path waye to perfection, sigs. B1, B2v, C3.

18 Ibid., sig. D4.

19 Excellencie of mans nature, sig. D1.

20 Ibid., sig. C2, C3.

21 Mirrour of love, sig. B2, B3, B4.

22 Ibid., sigs. C4v-Ei.

23 Ibid., sigs. F4v-v.

24 Hogarde presented the Queen with a manuscript copy (Harley 3444), one evidently made from the printed text, since it includes the preface to the reader. Baskerville (p. 45)dates this prior to July 1554, since the Queen's titles are pre-marriage.

25 See Appendix.

26 Newe ABC, sig. A3.

27 Conjutation, sigs. A2V, F3V.

28 Displaying of Prolestantes, fol. 121.

29 Ibid., fol. 108v.

30 For more comprehensive treatment of the propaganda writers of Mary's reign, see the Introduction in Baskerville, pp. 1-30.

31 E.g., John Angel, The agreement of the holye fathers and doctours of the churche upon the chiefest articles of the Christain religion, [1555?] (STC 634); John Churchson, A briefe treatyse declaryng what and where the churche is, 1556 (STC 5219); John Gwynneth, A declaration of the state wherin alt heretikes dooe leade their lives, 1554 (STC 12558).

32 Christopherson, An exhortation to all menne to take hede and beware of rebellion, 1554 (STC 5207); Watson, Holsom and catholyke doctryne concerning the seven sacramentes of Chrystes church, 1558 (STC 25112), Two notable sermons made … before the Quenes highnes concerninge the reall presence, 1554 (STC 25115). The last was still considered important enough in Elizabeth's reign for Robert Crowley to publish a reply in 1569.

33 A sermon very notable, fruicteful and godlie … concerning the heresies of Martyne Luther, 1554 (STC 10896) and 1556 (STC 10897). Hugh Glasier's Paul's Cross sermon of August 25, 1555 (STC 11916.5) was one of the few by Marian churchmen that reads with something of Fisher's broad appeal.

34 Bradford, who was burnt at the stake in 1555, had little published in his lifetime but was widely known for having given up (under Latimer's influence) what he saw as the corruptions of a successful legal career and becoming a cleric. For Lever, see particularly A sermon preached the thyrd Sonday in Lent before the Kynges majestic, [1550] (STC 15547), A sermon preached at Pauls Crosse the xiiii day of December, 1550 (STC 15546), A meditacion upon the Lordes prater, 1551 (STC 15544). For Crowley, see particularly An informacion and peticion agaynst the oppressours of the pore commons, [1548) (STC 6086), The voyce of the laste trumpet… wherein are conteined the xii letters to the twelve estats of men, 1549 (STC 6094), The waye to wealth, wherein is plainly taught a most present remedy for sedicion, 1550 (STC 6096), One and thyrtye epigrammes wherein are bryefly touched so many abuses that maye and oughte to be put away, 1550 (STC 6088), Pleasure and payne, heaven and helle, remember these foure and all shall be well, 1551 (STC 6090).

35 Crowley, Confutation, sig. A3V.

36 Displaying of Protestantes, fol. 8V.

37 Ibid., fol. 116.

38 Ibid., fol. 124.

39 Ibid., fol. 125v.

40 The conjuration of Tyndale's answer (New Haven, 1973), Vol. 8, 883-905. I owe this interesting parallel to Dr. John Fines.

41 E.g., Williams, George H., The Radical Reformation (London, 1962)Google Scholar; Dickens, A. G., The English Reformation (London, 1964)Google Scholar, Lollards and Protestants in the Diocese of York, 1509-1558, (Oxford, 1959); Horst, I. B., The Radical Brethren: Anabaptism and the English Reformation to 1558 (Nieuwkoop, 1972).Google Scholar The “interface” is examined in a particular parish in Collinson, Patrick, “Cranbrook and the Fletchers: Popular and Unpopular Religion in the Kentish Weald,” Reformation Principle and Practice, ed. Brooks, P. N. (London, 1980), pp. 171–202.Google Scholar

42 Martin, J. W., “English Protestant Separatism at its Beginnings: Henry Hart and the Free-will Men,” The Sixteenth Century Journal, 7, No. 2 (October 1976), 55–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

43 For the trial and burning of Nicholas Sheterden and Humphrey Middleton see Foxe, VII, 287, 304, 306-318. Sheterden had been arrested and examined by Edward VI's privy council on February 3, 1551, about his participation in the Bocking conventicle of Free-will men; Middleton's views, expressed at a similar gathering, were the subject of a deposition at approximately the same time: Burrage, Champlin, Early English Dissenters (Cambridge, 1912), II (documents), 3–6.Google Scholar

44 Foxe, VIII, 279-80; Displaying of Protestantes, fols. 62v, 64.

45 Ibid., fols. 80v-81.

46 Ibid., fol. 20v

47 For example, purgatory, auricular confession, adoration of the saints, services in Latin, monasteries, and the papal obedience are scarcely mentioned.

48 Displaying of Protestantes, fols. 92, 93.

49 Ibid., fol. 95.

50 Mirrour of love, sig., F1.

51 Ibid., sig. G4.

52 Ibid., sig. D4V; see also Displaying of Protestantes, verse preface, and title page of Christ banished. On the “foolishe arrogance” of Protestant mechanic preachers, see Displaying of Protestantes, fol. 87.

53 While those putting away their wives could be given different parishes, the rigor of the rule is seen in the case of Paul Bushe, whose A brief exhortation … to Margaret Burgess, 1556 (STC 4184), is one of the most effective defences of the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist for a lay public. Bushe, nevertheless, had had to resign as Bishop of Bristol because of his wife.

54 Assault of the sacrament, sig. E2; Mirrour of love, sig. G1v-2.

55 Fol. 23v; the Ponet tract is A defence of mariage for priests, 1549 (STC 20176).

56 Fols. 84v-85.

57 Fols. 72-78.

58 A setting open of the subtyle sophistrie of Thomas Watson … in hys two sermons, Anno 1553, 1569 (STC 6093); The confutation of xiii articles whereunto N. Shaxton, late byshop of Salisburye, subscribed, [1548] (STC6083).

59 Confutation, sig. C7V.

60 Ibid., sig. A3V. Crowley may even have been chronologically younger than Hogarde, if one accepts 1518 as his year of birth and assumes that there was some substance to his charge (sig. A5) that Hogarde had had “a parte” in the execution of Protestants from the time of John Frith in 1533.

61 Ibid.,sigs. F1v, B7, regarding Hogarde's learning; sigs. D1, E4V, F1, for punning on Hogarde's name.

62 Ibid., sigs. A5v, A8v, B1v, D2v.

63 Excellencie of mans nature, sig. D4v.

64 Path waye to perfection, sig. A2.

65 Foxe, VII, III.

66 Certayne questions demaunded and asked by the noble realme of Englande of her true naturall chyldren and subjects of the same, [1555] (STC 9981).

67 Mirrour of love, sig. G2.

68 A godly newe short treatyse, London, 1548 (STC 12887), A consultorie for all Christians, Worcester, 1549 (STC 12564). See also J. W. Martin, op. cit.

69 Foxe, VII, 691-693, VIII, 163-200, includes Careless’ long dialogue with the Roman Catholic, Dr. Martin, and his correspondence with John Bradford and John Philpot, as well as his letters to lesser figures; two additional Careless letters are printed in John Bradford, Letters, ed. Townsend (Cambridge, 1853), pp. 354-358, 406.

70 Foxe prints various letters of religious exhortation by Ralph Allerton, Richard Woodman and other Protestant laymen awaiting execution in Mary's prisons. Among the anti-Protestant tracts of her reign, George Marshall's A compendious treatise in metre declaring the firste originale of sacrifice and of the buylding of aultares, 1554 (STC 17469), reads more like thework of a layman deeply devoted to church tradition in the Hogarde manner than like the writings of the regime's clerical propagandists, though (as the DNB article on Marshall notes) we know nothing about the author beyond what he says in the work itself.

71 E.g., Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, Book II; Southern, R. W., The Making of the Middle Ages (London, 1973), pp. 217 ff.Google Scholar; Ullman, Walter, The Individual and Society in the Middle Ages (Baltimore, 1965)Google Scholar; Bynum, C. W., “Did the Twelfth Century Discover the Individual?” Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 31, 1 (January 1980), 1–17 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Morris, Colin, “Individualism in Twelfth Century Religion: Some Further Reflections,” ibid., 2 (April 1980), 195–206 Google Scholar.