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Données nouvelles sur la néphrotoxicitéde l’uranium

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 September 2012

Y. Gueguen  and
C. Rouas
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Abstract

L’uranium est un radioélément ainsi qu’un métal lourdauquel l’homme peut être exposé du fait de sa présence dans l’environnementou des activités humaines. Il exerce principalement une toxicitéchimique au niveau du tubule contourné proximal du rein après expositionaiguë ou chronique. Après exposition à une forte dose d’uranium,la néphrite tubulaire aiguë est révélée par une protéinurie ainsi qu’unediminution du débit de filtration glomérulaire. Plus récemment,l’utilisation de marqueurs d’intégrité tissulaire telle que la béta2-microglobuline ou des enzymes tissulaires a pu être corrélée auxaltérations histopathologiques des tubules contournés proximaux.Lors d’exposition chronique à de faible niveau, l’utilisation demarqueurs plus spécifiques et plus sensibles s’avère nécessairelorsque les lésions sont faibles. Des études expérimentales développéesau laboratoire ont montré la pertinence de certains de ces biomarqueurstel que Kim-1 pour détecter de faibles altérations rénales. L’uraniumexerce sa cytotoxicité au niveau des cellules épithéliales des tubules contournésproximaux probablement du fait de son entrée dans la cellule oùil s’accumule préférentiellement dans le noyau cellulaire, lorsqu’iln’est pas sous forme de précipités. Les mécanismes conduisant àla mort des cellules ne sont pas encore totalement élucidés maisle stress oxydant semble y jouer un rôle important.

Keywords

uraniumkidneytoxicityexposurenephrotoxicity
Type
Research Article
Information
Radioprotection , Volume 47 , Issue 3 , July 2012 , pp. 345 - 359
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, 2012

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