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Towards Synthesis: Research and Discovery in Neolithic North-East England
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 March 2013
Abstract
The Tweed Valley and its tributaries, and particularly the Milfield Basin in north Northumberland, is an area of strategic significance in the geography of the British Isles and it hosts a rich and varied multi-period archaeological and palaeoenvironmental record. This paper summarises some of the key findings for the Neolithic resulting from a long-term and in-depth landscape research project and provides a new chronological sequence for the Neolithic of the region.
Attention is drawn to the discovery of what appears to be a new type of Neolithic structure associated with settlement activity hitherto unrecognised in Britain: post-built timber buildings based on a triangular arrangement of timbers. The paper then turns to a consideration of subsistence and land-use practices and the evidence for cereal agriculture from the immediate outset of the Neolithic in the region. Since 1999 many more radiocarbon measurements have become available for Neolithic activity in the area and, together with those obtained before 1999, have been recalibrated and subjected to Bayesian modelling to produce more precise estimates for Neolithic activity. Important findings include the provision of a more robust estimate for dating the onset of the Neolithic in the region, as well as establishing a chronological framework for the Neolithic–Beaker period ceramic sequence. It also reveals that the current dating available for the henge monuments indicates that this ritual complex most likely dates to the Beaker period and not to the Neolithic proper as they do in some other parts of Britain. Truly ‘Neolithic’ ceremonial monuments in the Milfield Basin remain elusive and few of the potential sites that have so far been identified have yet to be tested by excavation and scientific dating. A clear zoning of rock art is apparent, with hundreds of sites all clustered on the Fellsandstone escarpment, while a variety of Neolithic burial types is attested suggesting the region formed a meeting ground for different cultural influences.
Résumé
La vallée de la Tweed et de ses affluents, en particulier le bassin de Milfield dans le nord du Northumberland, est une zone qui a une signification stratégique dans la géographie des Iles Britanniques et recèle des témoignages archéologiques et paléo-environnementaux, riches et variés, couvrant plusieurs périodes. Cette étude résume certaines des découvertes cruciales pour le néolithique, résultats d'un programme de recherches du paysage de longue durée et en profondeur, et fournit une nouvelle séquence chronologique pour le néolithique de la région. On attire l'attention sur la découverte de ce qui semble constituer un nouveau type de structure néolithique associée aux activités d'une occupation jusque là non reconnue en Grande-Bretagne: des bâtiments en bois soutenus par des poteaux reposant sur une disposition triangulaire des bois d'oeuvre. L'étude se tourne ensuite vers un examen des pratiques en matière de subsistance et d'utilisation des sols et sur les témoignages de cultures céréalières dès le tout début du néolithique dans la région. Depuis 1999, nous avons à notre disposition beaucoup plus de mesures au C14 pour l'industrie néolithique de la zone, et, avec celles obtenues avant 1999, elles ont été recalibrées et soumises au modèle bayesien afin de produire des estimations plus précises de l'industrie néolithique. D'importantes découvertes comprennent l'obtention d'une estimation plus solide pour la date du début du néolithique dans la région ainsi que l'établissement d'un cadre chronologique pour la séquence de céramique néolithique-Campaniformes. Il a aussi révélé que la datation actuelle disponible pour les monuments à enceinte indique que ce complexe rituel date fort probablement de la période des Campaniformes et non du néolithique à proprement parler comme c'est le cas ailleurs en Grande-Bretagne. Les monuments cérémoniels vraiment ‘néolithiques’ dans le bassin de Milfield restent insaisissables et les quelques sites potentiels qui ont été identifiés jusqu'à maintenant sont encore à tester par des fouilles et une datation scientifiques.Cependant, un zonage bien défini d'art sur roches est évident, avec des centaines de sites tous groupés sur l'escarpement de Fel Sandstone, tandis qu'une variété de types d'inhumations néolithiques est avérée, donnant à penser que la région constituait un lieu de rencontres pour diverses influences culturelles.
Zussamenfassung
Das Tal des Tweed und seiner Zuflüsse und besonders das Milfield Becken im Norden Northumberlands ist eine Region von strategischer Bedeutung in der Geographie der Britischen Inseln, die reiche und vielfältige Belege aus zahlreichen archäologischen Epochen und viele Paläoumweltdaten beherbergt. Dieser Beitrag fasst einige der Schlüsselentdeckungen zum Neolithikum zusammen, die aus einem detaillierten Langzeitprojekt zur Erforschung der Landschaft stammen und eine neue chronologische Abfolge des Neolithikums der Region liefern. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit gilt der Entdeckung von Strukturen, die einen neuen und in Großbritannien bislang unbekannten Typ neolithischer, mit Siedlungstätigkeit assoziierter Architektur darzustellen scheinen: aus Holzbalken errichtete Gebäude, die auf einer triangulären Anordnung der Pfosten basieren. Der Beitrag widmet sich danach der Erörterung der Subsistenz- und Landnutzungspraktiken und den Hinweisen auf den Anbau von Getreide am frühesten Beginn des Neolithikums in dieser Region. Seit 1999 konnten zahlreiche neue Radiokarbondaten für die neolithische Geschichte der Region gewonnen werden, die, zusammen mit jenen, die vor 1999 erstellt wurden, neu kalibriert und dem Bayes'schen Modelling unterworfen wurden um präzisere Bewertungen für neolithische Aktivitäten zu erlangen. Eine robustere Einschätzung der Datierung des Beginns des Neolithikums der Region gehört ebenso zu den neuen bedeutenden Erkenntnissen wie auch das Erarbeiten eines chronologischen Rahmens für die Keramiksequenz bis hin zu den Becherkulturen. Dies ermöglicht auch die Feststellung, dass die gegenwärtig vorliegenden Datierungen für Henge-Monumente eine Datierung dieser rituellen Komplexe in die Zeit der Becherkulturen am wahrscheinlichsten machen und nicht in das eigentliche Neolithikum wie in anderen Teilen Großbritanniens. Im engeren Sinn „neolithische‟ zeremonielle Monumente bleiben im Milfield Becken eine Ausnahme, und einige der bisher identifizierten Fundplätze, die für eine solche Interpretation in Frage kommend Fundplätze, müssen noch durch Grabungen getestet und wissenschaftlich datiert werden. Jedoch wird eine klare Zonenbildung von Felsbildkunst deutlich mit hunderten von Fundplätzen, die sich am Fell Sandstone Felshang konzentrieren, während eine Reihe neolithischer Bestattungstypen festzustellen sind, die nahe legen, dass die Region einen Begegnungsraum verschiedener kultureller Einflüsse bildete.
Resumen
El valle del Tweed y sus tributarios, particularmente la Cuenca del Milfield en Northumberland norte, es un área de significancia estratégica en la geografía de las Islas Británicas, y contiene un rico y variado registro arqueológico y paleo-medioambiental multi-periodo. Este trabajo presenta un resumen de algunos de los principales descubrimientos del Neolítico que han resultado de un proyecto de investigación del paisaje a largo plazo y en profundidad, y sugiere una nueva secuencia cronológica para el Neolítico de la región. Se destaca el descubrimiento de lo que parece ser un nuevo tipo de estructura neolítica asociada con actividad de asentamiento hasta ahora desconocida en Gran Bretaña: edificios en madera construidos con postes emplazados en un diseño triangular. El trabajo pasa después a considerar las prácticas de subsistencia y uso del terreno y la evidencia para el cultivo del cereal desde el comienzo mismo del Neolítico en la región. Desde 1999 se han conseguido muchas más fechas radiocarbónicas para la actividad neolítica en la zona y, junto con las obtenidas antes de 1999, han sido recalibradas y se les ha aplicado modelos bayesianos para producir estimaciones cronológicas más precisas para la actividad neolítica. Los hallazgos más importantes incluyen la provisión de una fecha estimada mucho más sólida para el comienzo del Neolítico en la región, así como el establecimiento de un marco cronológico para la secuencia de la cerámica del Neolítico–periodo Campaniforme. También se revela que las actuales fechas disponibles para los monumentos tipo “henge” indican que este complejo ritual es casi ciertamente del periodo campaniforme y no del Neolítico en sí, como ocurre en otras partes de Gran Bretaña. Auténticos monumentos ceremoniales ‘neolíticos’ en la Cuenca del Milfield siguen siendo difíciles de localizar y varios de los posibles yacimientos que han sido identificados hasta ahora deben ser todavía confirmados con excavación y dataciones científicas. Aún así, la existencia de una zona de arte rupestre es clara, con cientos de yacimientos agrupados en la escarpadura de Fell Sandstone, y una variedad de tipos de enterramiento neolíticos presente que sugiere que la región formó un punto de encuentro para distintas influencias culturales.
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References
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