Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T00:38:17.380Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Energetic Activities of Commoners

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 February 2014

John Coles
John Coles
Affiliation:
Fursdon Mill Cottage, Thorverton
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Sir Grahame Clark's interests in wetland archaeology were not restricted to his pioneering work at Star Carr and much of his writing was illuminated by his wide knowledge of the fruits of wetland research in many parts of the world. The paper presents the case for wetland archaeology, to show how it has expanded our knowledge of the past and has made prehistory more colourful and dynamic to both archaeologists and the public. In seeking the patterns of behaviour that existed in the past, six key elements contribute to our studies: environment and change; economy and subsistence; stratification and context; structures and activities; chronology and precision; and range of material culture. The evidence for all of these aspects is well-preserved in many wetland environments, and a number of key sites are identified and assessed for their contribution to prehistoric studies.

Résumé

Cette étude a constitué la conférence Europa de l'année 2000 L'intérêt de Sir Graham Clark pour l'archéologie des marécages ne se restreignait pas à ses travaux d'avant-garde à Star Carr et une grande partie de ses écrits était éclairée par sa vaste connaissance des fruits de la recherche sur les marécages dans de nombreuses régions du monde. Cette étude présente le parti de l'archéologie des zones marécageuses pour montrer comment elle a fait progresser notre connaissance du passé et a rendu la préhistoire plus colorée et plus vivante aussi bien pour les archéologues que pour le public. Dans notre tentative d'identifier des types de conduite qui existaient dans le passé, six éléments clés contribuent à nos études: environnement et changement, économie et subsistance, stratification et contexte, structures et activités, chronologie et précision, et étendue de la culture matérielle. Les témoignages concernant tous ces aspects sont bien préservés dans de nombreux environnements marécageux, et on a identifié un nombre de sites clés et évalué leur contribution aux études préhistoriques.

Zusammenfassung

Sir Grahame Clarks Interesse an der Feuchtboden-archäologie beschränkte sich nicht nur auf seine bahnbrechende Arbeit in Star Carr, sondern große Teile seines Schrifttums sind von seinen weitreichenden Kenntnissen der Feuchtbodenforschung in vielen Teilen der Welt geprägt. Der Artikel benutzt das Beispiel der Feuchtbodenarchäologie, um zu zeigen, wie sie unsere Kenntnisse zur Vergangenheit erweitert, und die Vorgeschichte sowohl für die Archäologen als auch für die Öffentlichkeit bunter und dynamischer gemacht hat. Bei der Erkundung der Verhaltensmuster der Vergangenheit, fließen die folgenden sechs Kernelemente in unsere Studien ein: Umwelt und Wechsel; Wirtschaft und Ernährung; Stratifikation und Kontext; Strukturen und Aktivitäten; Chronologie und Präzision; und die ganze Bandbreite der materiellen Kultur. Belege für alle diese Aspekte sind in vielen Feuchtbodenarealen sehr gut erhalten. So werden im Artikel auch eine Reihe von Kernfundstellen bestimmt und ihr Beitrag für die prähistorische Forschung beschrieben.

Resúmen

El interés de Sir Grahame Clark por la arqueología de territorios húmedos no se limitó a sus pioneras investigaciones en el yacimiento de Star Carr; mucho de lo que escribió estuvo iluminado por sus amplios conocimientos de los frutos de la investigación en territorios húmedos en muchas partes del globo. Este trabajo examina la arqueología de territorios húmedos para señalar como nos ha ayudado a conocer el pasado y como ha aportado un toque de colorido y dinamismo a la prehistoria tanto para los arqueólogos como para el publico en general. En nuestra búsqueda de tipos de comportamiento existentes en el pasado existen seis elementos claves que contribuyen a nuestros estudios: medio ambiente y cambio medioambiental; economía y subsistencia; estratigrafia y contexto; estructuras y actividades; cronologia y precision; y tipos de cultura material. La evidencia acerca de estos diversos aspectos esta bien conservada en muchos territorios húmedos, y este trabajo identifica una serie de yacimientos claves y establece su contribución a los estudios sobre la prehistoria.

Type
Research Article
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 67 , 2001 , pp. 19 - 48
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 2001

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Andersen, S. 1985. Tybrind Vig. A preliminary report on a submerged Ertebølle settlement on the west coast of Fyn. Journal of Danish Archaeology 4, 52–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, B., Borrello, M., Riboux, P., Brochier, J., Choix, L., Hadorn, P. & Gassman, P. 1986–1990. Cortaillod-Est, un village du Bronze final 1–6. Sainte-BlaiseGoogle Scholar
Bell, M., Caseldine, A. & Neumann, H. 2000. Prehistoric Intertidal Archaeology in the Welsh Severn Estuary. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 120Google Scholar
Bernick, K. 1998. Hidden Dimensions. The Cultural Significance of Wetland Archaeology. University of British Columbia PressGoogle Scholar
Bernick, K. 1998. Stylistic characteristics of basketry from Coast Salish area wet sites. In Bernick, 1998, 139–56.Google Scholar
Billamboz, A. 1986. Zeitmesser Holz: Jahrringe erzählen Baugeschichte. Archäologie in Deutschland 1, 26–31Google Scholar
Billamboz, A. 1990. Das Holz der Pfahlbausiedlungen Südwestdeutschlands, Siedlungsarchäologische Untersuchungen im Alpenvorland, 187–207. Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 71Google Scholar
Billamboz, A., Dieckmann, B., Maier, U. & Vogt, R. 1992 Exploitation du sol et de la forêt à Hornstaad-Hörnle I (RFA, Bodensee). Archäologie et environnement des milieux aquatiques: lacs, fleuves et tourbières du domaine alpin et de sa périphérie, 119–48. Paris: Comité des Travaux historiques et scientifiquesGoogle Scholar
Bocquet, A. (ed.). 1984. Archéologie des lacs et des rivières. Annecy: Musée d'AnnecyGoogle Scholar
Bocquet, A. 1994. Charavines il y a 5000 ans. Dijon: FatonGoogle Scholar
Brunning, R., Hogan, D., Jones, J., Jones, M., Maltby, E., Robinson, M. & Straker, V. 2000. Saving the Sweet Track. The in situ preservation of a Neolithic wooden trackway, Somerset. UK. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 4, 3–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulleid, A. & Gray, H. St G. 1911. The Glastonbury Lake Village 1. Glastonbury Antiquarian SocietyGoogle Scholar
Bulleid, A. & Gray, H. St G. 1917. The Glastonbury Lake Village 2. Glastonbury Antiquarian Society.Google Scholar
Clark, J.D. 1999. Grahame Clark and World Prehistory: a personal perspective. In Coles, J. et al. (eds) 1999, 1–10Google Scholar
Clark, J.G.D. 1932. The Mesolithic Age in Britain. Cambridge: University PressGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.G.D. 1936. The Mesolithic Settlement of Northern Europe. A Study of the Eood-gathering Peoples of Northern Europe during the Early Post-glacial Period. Cambridge: University PressGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.G.D. 1937. Scandinavian rock-engravings. Antiquity 11, 56–69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.G.D. 1954. Excavations at Star Carr. Cambridge: University PressGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.G.D. 1975. The Earlier Stone Age Settlement of Scandinavia. Cambridge: University PressGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.G.D. 1989. Prehistory at Cambridge and Beyond. Cambridge: University PressGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.G.D., Godwin, H.Godwin, M.E. & Clifford, M.H. 1935. Report on recent excavations at Peacock's Farm, Shippea Hill, Cambridgeshire. Antiquaries Journal 15, 284–319CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colardelle, M. & Verdel, E. 1993. Les Habitats du Lac de Paladru (Isère) dans leur Environnement. Paris: Maison des SciencesCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coles, B. 1990. Anthropomorphic wooden figures from Britain and Ireland, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 56, 315–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coles, B. (ed.). 1992. The Wetland Revolution in Prehistory. Exeter: WARP Occasional Paper 6Google Scholar
Coles, B. 1995. Wetland Management. A survey for English Heritage. Exeter: WARP Occasional Paper 9Google Scholar
Coles, B. 1999. Somerset and the Sweet conundrum. In Harding, 1999, 163–9Google Scholar
Coles, B. & Coles, J. 1986. Sweet Track to Glastonbury. London: Thames & HudsonGoogle Scholar
Coles, B., Coles, J. & Jørgensen, M.S. (eds). 1999. Bog Bodies, Sacred Sites and Wetland Archaeology. Exeter: WARP Occasional paper 12Google Scholar
Coles, J. 1986. Precision, purpose and priorities in wetland archaeology. Antiquaries Journal 66, 227–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coles, J. 1987. Preservation of the past: the case for wet archaeology. In Coles, J. & Lawson, A. (eds), European Wetlands in Prehistory, 1–21. Oxford: Clarendon PressGoogle Scholar
Coles, J. 1996. John Grahame Douglas Clark 1907–1995. Proceedings of the British Academy 94, 357–87Google Scholar
Coles, J. 1998. Wetland worlds and the past preserved. In Bernick, 1998, 3–23Google Scholar
Coles, J., Bewley, R. & Mellars, P. (eds). 1999. World Prehistory. Studies in Memory of Grahame Clark. London: British AcademyGoogle Scholar
Coles, J. & Coles, B. 1996. Enlarging the Past. The Contribution of Wetland Archaeology. Edinburgh: The Rhind Lectures for 1994–5. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph 11Google Scholar
Coles, J. & Minnitt, S. 1995. ‘Industrious and Fairly Civilised’. The Glastonbury Lake Village. Somerset Levels Project & Somerset County Council Museum ServiceGoogle Scholar
Corfield, M., Hinton, P., Nixon, T. & Pollard, M. 1998. Preserving Archaeological Remains in situ. Proceedings of the Conference of 1–3 April 1996. Museum of London & University of BradfordGoogle Scholar
Croes, D. (ed.). 1976. The Excavation of Water-saturated Archaeological Sites (Wet Sites) on the Northwest Coast of North America. Ottawa: National MuseumCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Croes, D. 1992. An evolving revolution in wet site research on the northwest coast of North America. In Coles, B. (ed.) 1992, 99–111Google Scholar
Croes, D. 1995. The Hoko River Archaeological Site Complex. The Wet/Dry Site (45CA213), 3000–1700 BP. Washington: Washington State University PressGoogle Scholar
Croes, D. 1999. The Hoko River wet site. A joint tribe/university research effort. In Coles, B. et al. (eds) 1999, 59–66Google Scholar
Crone, A. 2000. The History of a Scottish Lowland Crannog: Excavations at Buiston, Ayrshire 1989–90. Edinburgh: STAR Monograph 4Google Scholar
Cushing, F. 1896. Exploration of ancient key dwellers remains on the Gulf Coast of Florida. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 35, 329–448Google Scholar
Daugherty, R. 1988. Problems and responsibilities in the excavation of wet sites. In Purdy, (ed). 1988, 15–29Google Scholar
Dieckmann, B. 1990. Zum Stand der archäologischen Untersuchungen in Hornstaad. Siedlungsarchäologische Untersuchungen im Alpenvorland, 84–109. Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 71Google Scholar
Dieckmann, B. 1995. Die neolithischen Ufersiedlungen von Hornstaad-Hörnle am westlichen Bodensee. Memorie del Museo Civico Verona, Sez Scienze dell Uomo 4, 221–31Google Scholar
Dillehay, T. 1989. Monte Verde. A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile. 1. Palaeoenviromnent and Site Context. Washington: SmithsonianGoogle Scholar
Dillehay, T. 1996. Monte Verde. A Late Pleistocene Settlement in Chile. 2. The Archaeological Context. Washington: SmithsonianGoogle Scholar
Doran, G. (ed.). 2001. The Windover Archaeological Research Project. University Presses, FloridaGoogle Scholar
Doran, G. & Dickel, D. 1988. Multi-disciplinary investigations at the Windover site. In Purdy, (ed.) 1988, 263–89Google Scholar
Eddison, J., Gardiner, M. & Long, A. (eds). 1998. Romney Marsh. Environmental Change and Human Occupation in a Coastal Lowland. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 46Google Scholar
Egloff, M. 1989. Des Premiers Chasseurs au Début du Christianisme. Switzerland: Attinger à HauteriveGoogle Scholar
Feldtkeller, A. & Schlichtherle, H. 1987. Jungsteinzeitliche Kleidungsstücke aus Ufersiedlungen des Bodensees. Archäologischen Nachrichten aus Baden 38/39. Siedlungsarchäologische Untersuchungen im Bodenseeraum, 74–84Google Scholar
Fulford, M., Champion, T. & Long, A. (eds). 1997. England's Coastal Heritage. A survey for English Heritag and the RCHME. London: English HeritageGoogle Scholar
Gastaldi, B. 1865. Lake Habitations and Pre-historic Remains in the Turbaries and Marl-beds of Northern and Central Italy. London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Gilliland, M. 1989. Key Marco's Buried Treasure. Archaeology and Adventure in the Nineteenth Century. University Presses, FloridaGoogle Scholar
Gleeson, P. & Grosso, G. 1976. Ozette site. In Croes, (ed.) 1976, 13–44Google Scholar
Gramsch, B. 1992. Friesack Mesolithic wetlands. In Coles, B. (ed.) 1992, 65–72Google Scholar
Gramsch, B. 1993. Ein mesolithischer Birkenrindenbehälter von Friesack. Veröffentlichungen des Brandenburgischen Landesmuseums für Ur- und Frühgeschichte Potsdam 27, 7–15Google Scholar
Haarnagel, W. 1975–1981. Feddersen Wierde 1–3. WiesbadenGoogle Scholar
Hall, D. & Coles, J. 1994. Fenland Survey. An Essay in Landscape and Persistence. London: English HeritageGoogle Scholar
Harding, A. (ed). 1999. Experiment and Design. Archaeological Studies in Honour of John Coles. Oxford: OxbowGoogle Scholar
Heitz, A., Jacomet, S. & Zoller, H. 1981. Vegetation, Sammelwirtschaft und Ackerbau im Zürichseegebiet zur Zeit der neolithischen und spätbronzezeitlichen Ufersiedlungen. Helvetia Archaeologica 45/48, 139–52Google Scholar
Henderson, J. 1998. Islets through time: the definition, dating and distribution of Scottish crannogs. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 17, 227–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hencken, H. 1950. Lagore crannog: an Irish royal residence of the seventh to tenth century AD. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 53C, 1–248Google Scholar
Howard-Davis, C., Stocks, C. & Innes, J. 1988. Peat and the Past. A Survey and Assessment of the Prehistory of the Lowland Wetlands of North-west England. Lancaster UniversityGoogle Scholar
Imamura, K. 1996. Prehistoric Japan. New Perspectives on Insular East Asia. LondonGoogle Scholar
Iba, I., Matsui, A. & Tsuneo, N. 1999. The Awazu shell midden. In Kawanabe, H., Coulter, G. & Roosevelt, A. (eds), Ancient Lakes, Their Cultural and Biological Diversity, 135–45. Belgium: KenobiGoogle Scholar
Jaskanis, J. (ed.). 1991. Prahistoryczny gród w Biskupinie. Warsaw: Panstwowe Museum ArchaeologiczneGoogle Scholar
Keller, F. 1878. The Lake-dwellings of Switzerland and other Parts of Europe. London: LongmanGoogle Scholar
Kostrzewski, J. (ed.). 1950. III Sprawozdanie z prac wykopaliskowych w grodzie kultury Luzyciej w Biskupinie w powiecie zninskim za lata 1938–1939 I 1946–1948. PoznanGoogle Scholar
Larsson, L. 1999. Settlement and palaeocology in the Scandinavian Mesolithic. In Coles, J. et al. (eds) 1999, 87–106Google Scholar
Louwe Kooijmans, L.P. 1985. Sporen in het land. De Nederlandse delta in de prehistorie. Amsterdam: MeulenhoffGoogle Scholar
Louwe Kooijmans, L. 1999. Shippea Hill and after: wetlands in North European prehistory and the case of the donken. In Coles, J. et al. (eds) 1999, 107–24Google Scholar
Lynn, C. 1985–1986. Lagore, Co Meath and Ballinderry No. 1, Co Westmeath crannogs: some possible structural reinterpretations. Journal of Irish Archaeology 3, 69–73Google Scholar
Matsui, A. 1992. Wetland sites in Japan. In Coles, B. (ed.) 1992, 5–14Google Scholar
Matsui, A. 1999. Wetland archaeology in Japan. Key sites and features in the research history. In Coles, B. et al. (eds) 1999, 147–56Google Scholar
Meddens, F. 1996. Sites from the Thames estuary wetlands, England and their Bronze Age use. Antiquity 70, 325–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mordant, C. & Mordant, D. 1992. Noyen-sur-Seine: a mesolithic waterside settlement. In Coles, B. (ed.) 1992, 55–64Google Scholar
Mordant, D. & Mordant, C. 1989. Noyen-sur-Seine, site Mesolithique en milieu humide fluviatile. In L'Homme et l'eau au Temps de la Préhistoire, 33–52. Actes due 112e Congres National des Societes Savantes, Lyon, 1987Google Scholar
Morrison, A. 1985. Landscape with Lake Dwellings. The Crannogs of Scotland. Edinburgh: University PressGoogle Scholar
Munro, R. 1882. Ancient Scottish Lake-dwellings or Crannogs. Edinburgh: DouglasGoogle Scholar
Munro, R. 1890. The Lake Dwellings of Europe. London: CassellGoogle Scholar
Needham, S. 1991. Excavation and Salvage at Runnymede Bridge 1978: The Late Bronze Age Waterfront Site. London: British MuseumGoogle Scholar
Nicholas, G. 1998. Wetlands and hunter-gatherers: a global perspective. Current Archaeology 39, 720–31Google Scholar
Nordqvist, B. 1995. The Mesolithic settlements of the Swedish west coast – with special emphasis on chronology and topography of coastal settlements. In Fischer, A. (ed.), Man and Sea in the Mesolithic, 185–96. Oxford: OxbowGoogle Scholar
O'Sullivan, A. 1998. The Archaeology of Lake Settlement in Ireland. Dublin: Discovery Programme Monograph 4Google Scholar
O'Sullivan, A. 2000. Crannogs. Lake Dwellings of Early Ireland. Dublin: Country HouseGoogle Scholar
Pendergast, D. 1997. Los Buchillones, Cuba: 1997 Excavations. NewsWARP 22, 3–15Google Scholar
Perini, R. (ed.). 1984–1994. Scavi Archeologici nella zona Palafitticola di Fiave-Carera I–III. TrentoGoogle Scholar
Perini, R. & Marzatico, F. 1988. Archeologia del Legno. Document! Dell ‘Eta Del Bronzo Dall'Area Sudalpina. Trento: Castello del BuonconsiglioGoogle Scholar
Petrequin, P. 1984. Gens de l'Eau, Gens de la Terre. Paris: HachetteGoogle Scholar
Petrequin, P. (ed.). 1986–1997. Les Sites Littoraux Neolithique de Clairvaux-les-Lacs (Jura) I–III. Paris: Maison des ScienceGoogle Scholar
Piotrowski, W. 1995, Biskupin – the fortified settlement from the first millinnium BC. Quaternary Studies Poland 13, 89–99Google Scholar
Piotrowski, W. 1998. The importance of the Biskupin wet site for twentieth century Polish archaeology. In Bernick, (ed.) 1998, 89–107Google Scholar
Pratsch, S. 1994. Die Geweihartefakte des mesolithisch-neolithischen Fundplatzes von Friesack 4, Kr Havelland. Veröffentlichen des Brandenburgischen Landesmuseums für Ur-und Frühgeschichte. Potsdam 28, 7–98Google Scholar
Pryor, F. 2001. Archaeology and Environment of the-Flag Fen Basin. London: English HeritageGoogle Scholar
Purdy, B. (ed.). 1988. Wet-site Archaeology. New Jersey: TelfordGoogle Scholar
Purdy, B. 1991. The Art and Archaeology of Florida's Wetlands. Boca Raton: CRCGoogle Scholar
Raftey, B. 1990. Trackways through Time. Dublin: HeadlineGoogle Scholar
Raftery, B. 1996. Trackway Excavations in the Mountdillon Bogs, Co Longford 1985–1991. Dublin: Irish Archaeological Wetland Unit Transactions 3Google Scholar
Raftery, B. 1996a. The milling fields. In Coles, B. et al. (eds) 1999, 191–201Google Scholar
Raftery, B. 1999b. Paths, tracks and roads in Early Ireland: viewing the people rather than the trees. In Harding, (ed.) 1999, 170–82Google Scholar
Ramseyer, D. (ed.). 2000. Muntelier/Fischergässli. Un Habitat Néolithique au Bord du Lac de Morat (3895 à 3820 avant J.-C.) Archéologie fribourgeoise 15Google Scholar
Ramseyer, D. & Rouliere-Lambert, M-J. (eds). 1996. Archéologie et Erosion. Mesures de Protection pour la Sauvegarde des Sites Lacustres et Palustres. Lons-le-Saunier: Centre JurassienGoogle Scholar
Rieck, F., Gregory, D., Jensen, P. & Sorensen, T. S. 1999a. In situ-bevaring af oldsager i Nydam Mose. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1999, 35–44Google Scholar
Rieck, F., Jørgensen, E., Petersen, P.V. & Christensen, C. 1999b ‘…som samlede Ofre fra en talrig Krigerflok’. Status over Nationalmuseets Nydamprojekt 1989–97. Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark 1999, 11–34Google Scholar
Rippon, S. 1999. Landscapes in context: the exploitation and management of coastal resources in southern and eastern Britain during the first millennium AD. In Fabesch, C. & Ringtved, J. (eds), Settlement and Landscape. Proceedings of a Conference in Aarhus, Denmark, May 4–7 1998, 225–36. Jutland Archaeological SocietyGoogle Scholar
Ruoff, E. 1981. Stein-und bronzezeitliche Textilfunds aus dem Kanton Zürich. Helvetia Archaeologica 45/48, 252–64Google Scholar
Ruoff, U. 1981. Die Ufersiedlungen an Zürich– und Griefensee. Helvetia Archaeologica 45/48, 19–61Google Scholar
Ruoff, U. 1987. Archaeological investigations beside Lake Zurich and Lake Griefen, Switzerland. In Coles, J. & Lawson, A. (eds), European Wetlands in Prehistory, 55–73. Oxford: Clarendon PressGoogle Scholar
Ruoff, U. 1990. Pfahlbauland. Switzerland: ZollikonGoogle Scholar
Ruoff, U. 1992. The Pfahlbauland exhibition, Zürich 1990. In Coles, B. (ed.) 1992, 135–46Google Scholar
Schlichterle, H. 1990. Aspekte der siedlungsachäologischen Erforscung von Neolithikum und Bronzezeit im südwestdeutschen Alpenvorland. Siedlungsärcheologische Untersuchungen im Alpenvorland, 209–44. Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen Kommission 71Google Scholar
Schlichtherle, H. 1990. Siedlungsarchäologie im Alpenvorland I. Die Sondagen 1973 - 1978 in den Ufersiedlungen Hornstaad-Hörnle I. Theiss, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Schlichtherle, H. (ed.). 1999. Archaeology and Protection of Nature in the Federsee Bog. Catalogue to the Exposition of the Baden-Wurttemberg Office for the Protection of Ancient Monuments. Landesdenkmalamt Baden-WurttembergGoogle Scholar
Schlichtherle, H. & Wahlster, B. 1986. Archäologie in Seen und Mooren. Den Pfahlbauten auf der Spur. Stuttgart: TheissGoogle Scholar
Schweizerisches Landesmuseum Zürich. 1990. Die Ersten Bauern. Pfahlbaufunde Europas, Band 1: Schweiz, Band 2: Einführung, Balkan und angrenzende Regionen der Schweiz. ZürichGoogle Scholar
Speck, J. 1981. Pfahlbauten: Dichtung oder Wahrheit? Ein Querschnitt durch 125 Jahre Forschungsgeschichte. Helvetia Archaeologica 45/48, 98–138Google Scholar
Torihama Shell-Mound Research Group (ed.). 1979–1987. Torihama Shell-Mound 1–7. WakasaGoogle Scholar
Van de Noort, R., Chapman, H. & Cheetham, J. 2001. Science-based conservation and management in wetland archaeology: the example of Sutton Common, UK. In Purdy, B. (ed.), Enduring Records: the environmental and cultural heritage of wetlands. Oxford: OxbowGoogle Scholar
Van de Noort, R. & Davies, P. 1993. Wetland Heritage. An Archaeological Assessment of the Humber Wetlands. Hull: Humber Wetlands ProjectGoogle Scholar
Wilkinson, T. & Murphy, P. 1995. The Archaeology of the Essex Coast, volume 1: the Hullbridge Survey. Chelmsford: East Anglian Archaeology 71Google Scholar
Williams, J. & Brown, N. (ed.). 1999. An Archaeological Research Framework for the Greater Thames Estuary. Essex County Council, Kent County Council, English HeritageGoogle Scholar
Wood-Martin, W.G. 1886. The Lake Dwellings of Ireland. Dublin: Hodges FiggisGoogle Scholar