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Physiological role of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue as an endocrine and secretory organ

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2007

Paul Trayhurn  and
John H. Beattie
Paul Trayhurn*
Affiliation:
Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
John H. Beattie
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
*
*Corresponding Author: Professor Paul Trayhurn, present address Department of Medicine, University of Liverpool, University Clinical Departments, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK, fax +44 151 706 5802, email [email protected]
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Abstract

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The traditional role attributed to white adipose tissue is energy storage, fatty acids being released when fuel is required. The metabolic role of white fat is, however, complex. For example, the tissue is needed for normal glucose homeostasis and a role in inflammatory processes has been proposed. A radical change in perspective followed the discovery of leptin; this critical hormone in energy balance is produced principally by white fat, giving the tissue an endocrine function. Leptin is one of a number of proteins secreted from white adipocytes, which include angiotensinogen, adipsin, acylation-stimulating protein, adiponectin, retinol-binding protein, tumour neorosis factor a, interleukin 6, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tissue factor. Some of these proteins are inflammatory cytokines, some play a role in lipid metabolism, while others are involved in vascular haemostasis or the complement system. The effects of specific proteins may be autocrine or paracrine, or the site of action may be distant from adipose tissue. The most recently described adipocyte secretory proteins are fasting-induced adipose factor, a fibrinogen–angiopoietin-related protein, metallothionein and resistin. Resistin is an adipose tissue-specific factor which is reported to induce insulin resistance, linking diabetes to obesity. Metallothionein is a metal-binding and stress-response protein which may have an antioxidant role. The key challenges in establishing the secretory functions of white fat are to identify the complement of secreted proteins, to establish the role of each secreted protein, and to assess the pathophysiological consequences of changes in adipocyte protein production with alterations in adiposity (obesity, fasting, cachexia). There is already considerable evidence of links between increased production of some adipocyte factors and the metabolic and cardiovascular complications of obesity. In essence, white adipose tissue is a major secretory and endocrine organ involved in a range of functions beyond simple fat storage.

Keywords

CytokinesFasting-induced adipose factorLeptinMetallothioneinResistin
Type
Symposium on ‘New perspectives on adipose tissue function’
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 60 , Issue 3 , August 2001 , pp. 329 - 339
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2001

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