Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-s2hrs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T10:28:24.509Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Methodological issues relating to the measurement of food, energy and nutrient intake in human laboratory-based studies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2007

R. J. Stubbs*
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
A. M. Johnstone
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
L. M. O'Reilly
Affiliation:
Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK
S. D. Poppitt
Affiliation:
Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
*
Corresponding author: Dr James Stubbs, fax +44 (0)1224 715349, [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Symposium on ‘Measuring nutrient intake’
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1998

References

Aaron, JI, Gatenby, SJ, Jack, V & Mela, DJ (1998) Effect of reduced fat and reduced sugar food use on diet and weight control status of free living consumers. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (In the Press).Google Scholar
Agras, W (1990) Is restraint the culprit? Appetite 14, 111112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barker, ME, Mckenna, PG, Reid, NG, Strain, JJ, Thompson, KA, Williamson, AP & Wright, ME (1988) Comparison of the PETRA food recording system with the conventional weighed inventory technique. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 1, 179186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, AE, Goldberg, GR, Jebb, SA, Livingstone, MBE, Cole, TJ & Prentice, AM (1991) Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: 2. Evaluating the results of published surveys. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 583599.Google Scholar
Bingham, S (1987) The dietary assessment of individuals; methods, accuracy, new techniques and recommendations. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews 57, 705742.Google Scholar
Bingham, S (1994) The use of 24-h urine samples and energy expenditure to validate dietary assessments. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59, Suppl., 227S231S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bingham, S & Cummings, J (1983) The use of 4-aminobenzoic acid as a marker to validate the completeness of 24 h urine collections in man. Clinical Science 64, 629635.Google Scholar
Bingham, S & Cummings, J (1985) Urine nitrogen as an independent validatory measure of dietary intake: a study of nitrogen balance in individuals consuming their normal diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 12761289.Google Scholar
Bingham, SA, Gill, C, Welch, A, Day, K, Cassidy, A, Khaw, KT, Sneyd, MJ, Key, TJA, Roe, L & Day, NE (1994) Comparison of dietary assessment methods in nutritional epidemiology: weighed records v. 24 h recalls, food frequency questionnaires and estimated-diet records. British Journal of Nutrition 72, 619643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blundell, JE (1979) Hunger, appetite and satiety — constructs in search of identities. In Nutrition and Lifestyles, pp. 2142 [Turner, M., editor]. London: Applied Science Publishers.Google Scholar
Blundell, JE (1993) Dietary fat and the control of energy intake: evaluating the effect of fat on meal size. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57, Suppl., 772S778S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blundell, JE (1995) The psychobiological approach to appetite and weight control. In Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook [Brownell, KD. and Fairbum, CG, editors]. Guildford: The Guildford Press.Google Scholar
Blundell, JE &Stubbs, RJ (1997) Diet and food intake in humans. In International Handbook of Obesity [Bray, GA, Bouchard, C and James, WPT, editors]. New York, NY: Dekker Inc.Google Scholar
Booth, D (1990) How not to think about immediate dietary and postingestional influences on appetites and satieties. Appetite 14, 171179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Booth, D, Lewis, V & Blair, A (1990) Dietary restraint and binge eating: pseudo-quantitative anthropology for a medicalised problem habit? Appetite 14, 116119.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Booth, D, Mather, P & Fuller, J (1982) Starch content of ordinary foods associatively conditions human appetite and satiation, indexed by intake and eating pleasantness of starch-paired flavours. Journal for Intake Research 3, 163184.Google Scholar
Briefel, R, McDowell, M, Alaimo, K, Caughman, C, Bischof, A, Carroll, M & Johnson, C (1995) Total energy intake of the US population: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, Suppl., 1072S1080S.Google Scholar
Campbell, R, Hashim, S & Van Itallie, T (1971) Studies of food-intake regulation in man, responses to variations in nutritive density in lean and obese subjects. New England Journal of Medicine 285, 14021407.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colditz, GA, Willett, WC, Stampfer, MJ, London, SJ, Segal, MR & Speizer, FE (1990) Patterns of weight change and their relation to diet in a cohort of healthy women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, 11001105.Google Scholar
Cooper, P & Charnock, D (1990) From restraint to bulimic episodes: a problem of some loose connections. Appetite 14, 120122.Google Scholar
Cotton, J, Burley, V, Westrate, J & Blundell, J (1994) Dietary fat and appetite: similarities and differences in the satiating effect of meals supplemented with either fat or carbohydrate. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 7, 1124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Castro, J (1987) Macronutrient relationships with meal patterns and mood in the spontaneous feeding behavior of humans. Physiology and Behavior 39, 561569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Castro, J & Elmore, D (1988) Subjective hunger relationships with meal patterns in spontaneous feeding behaviour of humans: evidence for a causal connection. Physiology and Behavior 43, 159165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Graaf, C (1993) The validity of appetite ratings. Appetite 21, 156160.Google Scholar
de Myttenaere, S, Gil, K, Heymsfield, S, Furst, P, Askanazi, J, D'Attellis, N & Elwyn, D (1994) Gastric emptying in humans: influence of different regimens of parenteral nutrition. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 244248.Google Scholar
Department of Health (1995) Obesity. Reversing the Increasing Problem of Obesity in England. Report from the Nutrition and Physical Activity Task Forces. London: Department of Health.Google Scholar
Elia, M (1991) Estimation of short-term energy expenditure by the labelled bicarbonate method. In New Techniques in Nutrition Research, pp. 207227 [Whitehead, RG and Prentice, A, editors]. New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Femstrom, J & Wurtman, R (1972) Brain serotonin content: physiological regulation by plasma neutral amino acids. Science 178, 414416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flatt, JP (1987) The difference in the storage capacities for carbohydrates and for fat, and its implications in the regulation of body weight. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 499, 104123.Google Scholar
Foltin, R, Fischman, M, Emurian, C & Rachlinski, J (1988) Compensation for caloric dilution in humans given unrestricted access to food in a residential laboratory. Appetite 10, 1324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foltin, R, Fischman, M, Moran, T, Rolls, B & Kelly, T (1990) Caloric compensation for lunches varying in fat and carbohydrate content by humans in a residential laboratory. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 52, 969980.Google Scholar
Foltin, R, Rolls, B, Moran, T, Kelly, T, McNeilis, A & Fischman, M (1992) Caloric, but not macronutrient, compensation by humans for required-eating occasions with meals and snacks varying in fat and carbohydrate. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 331342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, JM (1995) Voluntary Food Intake and Diet Selection in Farm Animals. Wallingford: CAB International.Google Scholar
Gatenby, SJ, Aaron, G, Morton, G & Mela, DJ (1995) Nutritional implications of reduced-fat food use by free living consumers. Appetite 25, 241252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gil, K, Skeie, B, Kvetan, V, Askanazi, J & Friedman, M (1991) Parenteral nutrition and oral intake: effect of glucose and fat infusions. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 15, 426432.Google Scholar
Goldberg, G, Black, A, Jebb, S, Cole, T, Murgatroyd, P, Coward, W & Prentice, A (1991) Critical evaluation of energy intake data using fundamental principles of energy physiology: 1. Derivation of cut off limits to identify under-recordings. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 45, 569581.Google Scholar
Herman, C & Polivy, J (1990) From dietary restraint to binge eating: attaching causes to effect. Appetite 14, 3125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herman, P & Polivy, J (1991) Fat is a psychological issue. New Scientist 19th 11, 4145.Google Scholar
Herman, P, Polivy, J & Esses, V (1987) The illusion of counter regulation. Appetite 9, 161169.Google Scholar
Hill, AJ & Blundell, JE (1982) Nutrients and behaviour: research strategies for the investigation of taste characteristics, food preferences, hunger sensations and eating patterns in man. Journal of Psychological Research 17, 203212.Google Scholar
Hill, AJ, Leathwood, PD & Blundell, JE (1986) Some evidence for short term caloric compensation in normal weight subjects: the effects of high and low energy meals on hunger, food preferences and food intake. Human Nutrition: Applied Nutrition 41, 244257.Google Scholar
Hill, A, Magson, L & Blundell, J (1984) Hunger and palatability: tracking ratings of subjective experience before, during and after the consumption of preferred and less preferred food. Appetite 5, 361371.Google Scholar
Hill, AJ, Rogers, PJ & Blundell, JE (1995) Techniques for the experimental measurement of human eating behavior and food intake: a practical guide. International Journal of Obesity 19, 361375.Google Scholar
Hill, SW (1974) Eating responses of humans during dinner meals. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 86, 653657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hulshof, T & De Graaf, C (1993) The effects of preloads varying in physical state and fat content on satiety and energy intake. Appetite 21, 273286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, J (1980) A possible relation between the regulation of gastric emptying and food intake. American Journal of Physiology 239, G1G4.Google Scholar
Hunt, J & Stubbs, D (1975) The volume and energy content of meals as determinants of gastric emptying. Journal of Physiology 245, 209225.Google Scholar
Johnstone, AM, Diver, MJ, Ryan, LM, Reid, CA & Stubbs, RJ (1998 a) Assessment of a portable electronic tape recording automated (PETRA) system v. laboratory weighed intakes for use in ad libitum feeding studies in human volunteers. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 65A.Google Scholar
Johnstone, AM, Mazlan, N, Mbaiwa, SE, Stubbs, RJ & Reid, CA (1998 b) Sensory variety: effect on appetite, food intake and body weight in lean and overweight men. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 55A.Google Scholar
Jordan, HA (1969) Voluntary intragastric feeding: oral and gastric contributions to food intake and hunger in man. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 68, 498506.Google Scholar
Jordan, HA, Wieland, WF, Zebley, SP, Stellar, E & Stunkard, AJ (1966) Direct measurement of food intake in man: a method for the objective study of eating behaviour. Psychosomatic Medicine 28, 836842.Google Scholar
Kendall, A, Levitsky, DA, Strupp, BJ & Lissner, L (1991) Weight loss on a low fat diet: consequence of the impression of the control of food intake in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 11241129.Google Scholar
Keys, A, Brozek, J, Henschel, A, Michelsen, O & Taylor, H (1950) The Biology of Human Starvation. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Kissileff, H (1984) Satiating efficiency and a strategy for conducting food loading experiments. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 8, 129135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kissileff, H (1984) Where should human eating be studied and what should be measured? Appetite 19, 6168.Google Scholar
Kissileff, H (1990) Some suggestions in dealing with palatability – response to Ramirez. Appetite 14, 162166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kissileff, HR, Klingsberg, G & Van Itallie, TB (1980) Universal eating monitor for continuous recording of solid or liquid consumption in man. American Journal of Physiology 238, 1422.Google Scholar
Lawton, C, Burley, V, Wales, J & Blundell, E (1993) Dietary fat and appetite control in obese subjects: weak effects on satiation and satiety. International Journal of Obesity 17, 18.Google Scholar
Leathwood, P & Pollet, P (1988) Effects of slow release carbohydrates in the form of bean flakes on the evolution of hunger and satiety in man. Appetite 10, 111.Google Scholar
Lebowitz, SF (1992) Neurochemical-neurendocrine systems in the brain controlling macronutrient intake and metabolism. Trends in Neurosciences 15, 491497.Google Scholar
Lissner, L & Heitmann, BL (1995) Dietary fat and obesity: evidence from epidemiology. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, 7990.Google ScholarPubMed
Lissner, L, Levitsky, D, Strupp, B, Kalkwarf, H & Roe, D (1987) Dietary fat and the regulation of energy intake in human subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 886892.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mattes, RM (1990) Hunger ratings are not a valid proxy measure of reported food intake in humans. Appetite 15, 103113.Google Scholar
McCluskey, S (1990) Dietary restraint a useful concept? Appetite 14, 129130.Google Scholar
Mayer, J (1955) Regulation of energy intake and the body weight: the glucostatic theory and the lipostatic hypothesis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 63, 1543.Google Scholar
Mellinkoff, S, Frankland, M, Boyle, D & Greipel, M (1956) Relationship between serum amino acid concentration and fluctuations in appetite. Journal of Applied Physiology 8, 535538.Google Scholar
Meiselman, HL (1992) Methodology and theory in human eating research. Appetite 19, 4955.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, DL, Hammer, VA, Shide, DJ, Peters, JC & Rolls, BJ (1995) Consumption of fat-free potato chips by obese and restrained males and females. FASEB 04 1995 (Part 1) A190, Abstract no. 1110.Google Scholar
Obarzanek, E & Levitsky, A (1985) Eating the laboratory: is it representative. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 323328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Reilly, LM, Stubbs, RJ, Johnstone, AM, Mara, O & Robertson, K (1997) Covert manipulation of the energy density of mixed diets on ad libitum food intake in ‘free living’ humans. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 56, 127A.Google Scholar
Poppitt, SD, Swann, D, Black, AE & Prentice, AM (1996) Is under-reporting of energy intake in obese women macronutrient specific? Covert measurements in a metabolic facility. International Journal of Obesity 20, 27 Abstr.Google Scholar
Prentice, AM (1985) Proceedings of the 3rd CRC International Symposium on Substrate and Energy Metabolism. London: John Libbey.Google Scholar
Prentice, AM (1990) The Doubly Labelled Water Method for Measuring Energy Expenditure for Use in Humans. A Consensus Report by the IDECG Working Group. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Group.Google Scholar
Raben, A (1995) Appetite and carbohydrate metabolism. PhD Thesis, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Ralph, A (1993) Appendix 1: methods for dietary assessment. In Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 9th ed., pp. 777781 [Garrow, JS and James, WPT, editors]. Edinburgh, London, Madrid, Melbourne, New York and Tokyo: Churchill Livingstone.Google Scholar
Ramirez, I (1990) What do we mean when we say palatable food? Appetite 14, 159161.Google Scholar
Rising, R, Alger, S, Boyce, V, Seagle, H, Ferraro, R, Fontvieille, A & Ravussin, E (1992) Food intake measured by an automated food-selection system: relationship to energy expenditure. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55, 343349.Google Scholar
Rogers, P (1990) Why a palatability construct is needed. Appetite 14, 167170.Google Scholar
Rogers, PJ & Blundell, JE (1979) Effect of anorexic drugs on food intake and the microstructure of eating in human subjects. Psychopharmacology 66, 159165.Google Scholar
Rolls, B, Kim-Harris, S, Fischman, MW, Foltin, R, Moran, T & Stoner, S (1994) Satiety after preloads with different amounts of fat and carbohydrate: implications for obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 60, 476487.Google Scholar
Rolls, B, Kim, S, McNelis, A, Fischman, M, Foltin, R & Moran, T (1991) Time course of effects of preloads high in fat or carbohydrate on food intake and hunger ratings. American Physiological Society 260, R756R763.Google Scholar
Rolls, B, Rowe, E, Rolls, E, Kingston, B, Megson, A & Gunary, R (1981) Variety in a meal enhances food intake in man. Physiology and Behavior 26, 215221.Google Scholar
Schoeller, D (1990) How accurate is self reported dietary energy intake? Nutrition Reviews 48, 373379.Google Scholar
Shannon, EL, Johnstone, AM, Stubbs, RJ & Reid, CA (1998) Effect of isoenergetically dense high protein high carbohydrate and high fat snacks on appetite and food intake in normal weight men. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 64A.Google Scholar
Silverstone, T & Fincham, J (1978) In Central Mechanisms of Anorectic Drugs, pp. 375382 [Garattini, S and Samanin, R, editors]. New York, NY: Raven Press.Google Scholar
Silverstone, T, Fincham, J & Brydon, J (1980) A new technique for the continuous measurement of food intake in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 33, 18521855.Google Scholar
Silverstone, T & Goodall, E (1986) Measurement of hunger and food intake. In Disorders of Eating Behaviour, A Psychoneurendocrine Approach, pp. 129134 [Ferrari, E, editor]. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Smith, G & Gibbs, J (1985) The effect of gut peptides on hunger, satiety, and food intake in humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 499, 132136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spiegel, TA, Shrager, EE & Stellar, E (1989) Responses of lean and obese subjects to preloads, deprivation and palatability. Appetite 12, 4549.Google Scholar
Spiegel, TA & Stellar, E (1990) Effects of variety on food intake of underweight, normal weight and overweight women. Appetite 15, 4761.Google Scholar
Spitzer, L & Rodin, J (1981) Human eating behaviour: a critical review of studies in normal weight and overweight individuals. Appetite: Journal for Intake Research 2, 293329.Google Scholar
Stratton, RJ, Jennings, G, Stubbs, RJ & Elia, M (1998) Inter-relationship between circulating leptin concentrations, hunger and energy intake in healthy subjects receiving tube feeding. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 82A.Google Scholar
Stubbs, R (1995) Macronutrient effects on appetite. International Journal of Obesity 19, Suppl. 5, S11S19.Google Scholar
Stubbs, RJ & Harbron, CG (1996) Covert manipulation of the ratio of medium to long chain triglycerides in isoenergetically dense diets: effect on food intake in ad libitum feeding men. International Journal of Obesity 20, 435444.Google Scholar
Stubbs, R, Harbron, C, Murgatroyd, P & Prentice, A (1995) Covert manipulation of dietary fat and energy density: effect on substrate flux and food intake in men eating ad libitum. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 114.Google Scholar
Stubbs, RJ, O'Reilly, LM, Johnstone, AM & Reid, CA (1997) An experimental model to assess macronutrient selection in humans. International Journal of Obesity 21, Suppl. 2, 213.Google Scholar
Stubbs, RJ, Ritz, P, Coward, WA & Prentice, AM (1995) Covert manipulation of the ratio of dietary fat to carbohydrate and energy density: effect on food intake and energys balance in free living men feeding ad libitum. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62, 330338.Google Scholar
Stunkard, A & Messick, S (1985) The three-factor eating questionaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 29, 7183.Google Scholar
Thompson, DA & Campbell, RG (1977) Hunger in humans induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose: glucoprivic control of taste preference and food intake. Science 198, 10651068.Google Scholar
Treasure, J (1990) Comments on some theoretical considerations: dietary restraint to binge eating. Appetite 14, 131132.Google Scholar
Tremblay, A, Lavallee, N, Almeras, N, Allard, L, Despres, J-P & Bouchard, C (1991) Nutritional determinants of the increase in energy intake associated with a high-fat diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 11341137.Google Scholar
Tuschl, R (1990) From dietary restraint to binge eating: some theoretical considerations. Appetite 14, 105109.Google Scholar
Van Itallie, TB, Beaudoin, R & Mayer, J (1952) Arteriovenous glucose differences in metabolic hypoglycemia and food intake in man. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 28, 205216.Google Scholar
van Strien, T, Frijters, J, Bergers, G & Defares, P (1986) Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire for assessment of restrained, emotional and external eating behaviour. International Journal of Eating Disorders 5, 295315.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watts, BM, Ylimaki, GL, Jeffery, LE & Elias, LG (1989) Basic Sensory Methods of Food Evaluation. Ottawa, ON: International Development Research Centre.Google Scholar
Welch, I, Saunders, K & Read, N (1985) Effect of ileal and intravenous infusions of fat emulsions on feeding and satiety in human volunteers. Gastroenterology 89, 12931297.Google Scholar
Westenhoefer, J, Pudel, V & Maus, N (1990) Some restrictions on dietary restraint. Appetite 14, 137141.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, A, Nicolaas, G, Foster, K, Browne, F & Carey, S (1991) Health Survey for England. London: BM Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Wooley, OW & Wooley, SC (1973) Salivation to the sight and thought of food: a new measure of appetite. Psychosomatic Medicine 35, 136142.Google Scholar
Wooley, OW & Wooley, SC (1981) Relationship of salivation in human deprivation, inhibition and the encephalization on hunger. Appetite 2, 331350.Google Scholar
Wurtman, JJ & Wurtman, RJ (1981) Suppression of carbohydrate (CHO) intake in the obese. Clinical Research 29, A632.Google Scholar
Wurtman, JJ & Wurtman, RJ (1982/1983) Studies on the appetite for carbohydrates in rats and humans. Journal of Psychiatric Research 17, 213221.Google Scholar
Wurtman, JJ, Wurtman, RJ, Growdon, JH, Henry, P, Lipscomb, A & Zeisel, SH (1981) Carbohydrate craving in obese people: suppression by treatments affecting serotoninergic transmission. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1, 215.Google Scholar
Yamada, T (1985) Gut hormone release induced by food ingestion. Americal Journal of Clinical Nutrition 42, 10331039.Google Scholar
Zimmermanns, N & van Het Hof, K The Effect of Light Products on Food Intake and Indicators of Health (undated pamphlet). Vlardingen: Unilever Research Laboritorium.Google Scholar