Hostname: page-component-f554764f5-wjqwx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-16T23:44:52.876Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dietary fatty acids and lymphocyte functions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 April 2008

Philip C. Calder
Philip C. Calder*
Affiliation:
Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
*
Corresponding author: Dr P. C. Calder, fax +44 (0)1703 594383, email [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Symposium on ‘Lipids an the immune systems’
Information
Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 57 , Issue 4 , November 1998 , pp. 487 - 502
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 1998

References

Alexander, NJ & Smythe, NL (1988) Dietary modulation of in vitro lymphocyte function. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 32, 192–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, WM, Carpenter, CB, Shapiro, ME, Strom, TB, Hefty, D, Tillman, M, Abrams, J, Ryan, D & Kelley, VA (1995) Delayed omega-3 fatty acid supplements in renal transplantation. Transplantation 59, 352–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, A, German, JB, Chiang, BL, Ansari, AA, Keen, CL, Fletcher, MP & Gershwin, MR (1993) Influence of feeding unsaturated fats on growth and immune status of mice. Journal of Nutrition 123, 225–233.Google ScholarPubMed
Berthoux, FC, Guerin, C, Berthoux, P, Burgard, G & Alamartine, E (1992) One-year randomized controlled trial with omega-3 fatty acid-rich fish oil in clinical renal transplant. Transplantation Proceedings 24, 2578–2582.Google Scholar
Blok, WL, Katan, MB & van der Meer, JWM (1996) Modulation of inflammation and cytokine production by dietary (n-3) fatty acids. Journal of Nutrition 126, 1515–1533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breittmayer, J-P, Pelassy, C, Cousin, J-L, Bernard, A & Aussel, C (1993) The inhibition by fatty acids of receptor-mediated calcium movements in Jurkat T-cells is due to increased calcium extrusion. Journal of Biological Chemistry 268, 20812–20817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calder, PC (1995) Fatty acids, dietary lipids and lymphocyte functions. Biochemical Society Transactions 23, 302–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calder, PC (1996a) Can n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids be used as immunomodulatory agents? Biochemical Society Transactions 24, 211–220.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calder, PC (1996b) Effects of fatty acids and dietary lipids on cells of the immune system. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55, 127–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calder, PC (1996c) Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 55, 737–774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calder, PC (1997) N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cytokine production in health and disease. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 41, 203–234.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calder, PC (1998) Dietary fatty acids and the immune system. Nutrition Reviews 56, S70–S83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calder, PC, Bevan, SJ & Newsholme, EA (1992) The inhibition of T-lymphocyte proliferation by fatty acids is via an eicosanoid-independent mechanism. Immunology 75, 108–115.Google ScholarPubMed
Calder, PC & Newsholme, EA (1992 a) Unsaturated fatty acids suppress interleukin-2 production and transferrin receptor expression by concanavalin A-stimulated rat lymphocyres. Mediators of Inflammation 1, 107–115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calder, PC & Newsholme, EA (1992 b) Polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 production. Clinical Science 82, 695–700.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calder, PC & Newsholme, EA (1993) Influence of antioxidant vitamins on fatty acid inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 29, 175–183.Google ScholarPubMed
Cathcart, ES, Leslie, CA, Meydani, SN & Hayes, KC (1987) A fish oil diet retards experimental amyloidosis, modulates lymphocyte function and decreases macrophage arachidonate metabolism in mice. Journal of Immunology 139, 1850–1854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chang, HR, Dulloo, AG, Vladoianu, IR, Piguet, PF, Arsenijevic, D, Girardier, L & Pechere, JC (1992) Fish oil decreases natural resistance of mice to infection with Salmonella typhimurium. Metabolism 41, 1–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chow, SC, Ansotegui, IJ & Jondal, M (1990) Inhibition of receptormediated calcium influx in T cells by unsaturated non-esterified fatty acids. Biochemical Journal 267, 727–732.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crevel, RWR, Friend, JV, Goodwin, BFJ & Parish, WE (1992) High fat diets and the immune response of C57 B1 mice. British Journal of Nutrition 67, 17–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Ambola, JB, Aeberhard, EE, Trang, N, Gaffar, S, Barrett, CT & Sherman, MP (1991) Effect of dietary (n-3) and (n-6) fatty acids on in vivo pulmonary bacterial clearance by neonatal rabbits. Journal of Nutrition 121, 1262–1269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Endres, S, Meydani, SN, Ghorbani, R, Schindler, R & Dinarello, CA (1993) Dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids suppresses interleukin-2 production and mononuclear cell proliferation. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 54, 599–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erickson, KL, Adams, DA & Scibienski, RJ (1986) Dietary fatty acid modulation of murine B-cell responsiveness. Journal of Nutrition 116, 1830–1840.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Faull, RJ (1995) Adhesion molecules in health and disease. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 25, 720–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fowler, KH, Chapkin, RS & McMurray, DN (1993) Effects of purified dietary n-3 ethyl esters on murine T lymphocyte function. Journal of Immunology 151, 5186–5197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friend, JV, Lock, SO, Gurr, MI & Parish, WE (1980) Effect of different dietary lipids on the immune responses of Hartley strain guinea pigs. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 62, 292–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fritsche, KL, Cassity, NA & Huang, S-C (1991) Effect of dietary fat source on antibody production and lymphocyte proliferation in chickens. Poultry Science 70: 611–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fritsche, KL & Johnstone, PV (1979) Modulation of eicosanoid production and cell-mediated cytotoxicity by dietary alpha-linolenic acid in BALB/c mice. Lipids 24, 305–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritsche, KL, Shahbazian, LM, Feng, C & Berg, JN (1997) Dietary fish oil reduces survival and impairs bacterial clearance in C3H/Hen mice challenged with Listeria monocytogenes. Clinical Science 92, 95–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallai, V, Sarchielli, P, Trequattrini, A, Franceschini, M, Floridi, A, Firenze, C, Alberti, A, Di Benedetto, D & Stragliotto, E (1993) Cytokine secretion and eicosanoid production in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients undergoing dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Journal of Neuroimmunology 56, 143–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, JS & Cueppens, J (1983) Regulation of the immune response by prostaglandins. Journal of Clinical Immunology 3, 295–315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimm, H, Tibell, A, Norrlind, B, Schott, J & Bohle, RA (1995) Nutrition and allorejection impact of lipids. Transplant Immunology 3, 62–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grimminger, F, Grimm, H, Fuhrer, D, Papavassilis, C, Lindemann, G, Blecher, C, Mayer, K, Tabesch, F, Kramer, HJ, Stevens, J & Seeger, W (1996) Omega 3 lipid infusion in a heart allotransplant model: shift in fatty acid and lipid mediator profiles and prolongation of transplant survival. Circulation 93, 365–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gurr, MI (1983) The role of lipids in the regulation of the immune system. Progress in Lipid Research 22, 257–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hinds, A & Sanders, TAB (1993) The effect of increasing levels of dietary fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on lymphocyte phospholipid fatty acid composition and cell-mediated immunity in the mouse. British Journal of Nutrition 69, 423–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, N & Landis, RC (1993) Adhesion molecules in cell interactions. Current Opinion in Immunology 5, 383–390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Homan van der Heide, JJ, Bilo, HJG, Donker, JM, Wilmink, JM & Tegzess, AM (1993) Effect of dietary fish oil on renal function and rejection in cyclosporine-treated recipients of renal transplants. New England Journal of Medicine 329, 769–773.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, DA, Pinder, AC, Piper, Z, Johnson, IT & Lund, EK (1996) Fish oil supplementation inhibits the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and adhesion molecules on human monocytes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, 267–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hwang, D (1989) Essential fatty acids and the immune response. FASEB Journal 3, 2052–2061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jeffery, NM, Cortina, M, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1997 a) Effects of variations in the proportions of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the rat diet on spleen lymphocyte functions. British Journal of Nutrition 77, 805–823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeffery, NM, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1997 b) The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio in the rat diet both affect serum lipid levels and lymphocyte functions. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 57, 149–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeffery, NM, Sanderson, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1997 c) Effects of varying the type of saturated fatty acid in the rat diet upon serum lipid levels and spleen lymphocyte functions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1345, 223–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeffery, NM, Sanderson, P, Sherrington, EJ, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1996 a) The ratio of n-6 to n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the rat diet alters serum lipid levels and lymphocyte functions. Lipids 31, 737–745.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeffery, NM, Yaqoob, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1996 b) The effects of olive oil upon rat serum lipid levels and lymphocyte functions appear to be due to oleic acid. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 40, 71–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jolly, CA, JiangY-H, Y-H,, Chapkin, RS & McMurray, DN (1997) Dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress murine lymphoproliferation, interleukin-2 secretion and the formation of diacylglycerol and ceramide. Journal of Nutrition 127, 37–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelley, DS, Branch, LB & Iacono, JM (1989) Nutritional modulation of human immune status. Nutrition Research 9, 965–975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, DS, Branch, LB, Love, JE, Taylor, PC, Rivera, YM & Iacono, JM (1991) Dietary alpha-linolenic acid and immunocompetence in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 53, 40–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelley, DS, Dougherty, RM, Branch, LB, Taylor, PC & Iacono, JM (1992 a) Concentration of dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and human immune status. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 62, 240–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelley, DS, Nelson, GJ, Branch, LB, Taylor, PC, Rivera, YM & Schmidt, PC (1992 b) Salmon diet and human immune status. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46, 397–404.Google ScholarPubMed
Kelley, DS, Nelson, GJ, Serrato, CM, Schmidt, PC & Branch, LB (1988) Effects of type of dietary fat on indices of immune status of rabbits. Journal of Nutrition 118, 1376–1384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelley, DS, Taylor, PC, Nelson, GJ, Schmidt, PC, Mackey, BE & Kyle, D (1997) Effects of dietary arachidonic acid on human immune response. Lipids 32, 449–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khalfoun, B, Thibault, G, Bardos, P & Lebranchu, Y (1996 a) Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids inhibit in vitro human lymphocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. Transplantation 62, 1649–1657.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Khalfoun, B, Thibault, G, Lacord, M, Gruel, Y, Bardos, P & Lebranchu, Y (1996 b) Docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids inhibit human lymphoproliferative responses in vitro but not the expression of T cell surface activation markers. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 43, 248–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kinsella, JE, Lokesh, B, Broughton, S & Whelan, J (1990) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids: potential effects on the modulation of inflammatory and immune cells: An overview. Nutrition 6, 24–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Kumar, GS, Das, UN, Kumar, KV, Madhavi, N, Das, NP & Tan, BKH (1992) Effect of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids on the proliferation of human lymphocytes and their secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-2 in vitro. Nutrition Research 12, 815–823.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linn, K, Lux, W, Woehrle, M, Zekorn, T, Hering, B, Bretzel, R & Federlin, K (1990) Fish oil diet prevents insulitis in transplanted islets of Langerhans. Transplantation Proceedings 22, 871–872.Google ScholarPubMed
Lumpkin, EA, McGlone, JJ, Sells, JL & Hellman, JM (1993) Modulation of murine natural killer cell cytotoxicity by dietary fish oil, corn oil or beef tallow. Journal of Nutritional Immunology 2, 43–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maachi, K, Berthoux, P, Burgard, G, Alamartine, E & Berthoux, F (1995) Results of a 1-year randomized controlled trial with omega-3 fatty acid fish oil in renal transplantation under triple immunosuppressive therapy. Transplantation Proceedings 27, 846–849.Google ScholarPubMed
Marshall, LA & Johnston, PV (1985) The influence of dietary essential fatty acids on rat immunocompetent cell prostaglandin synthesis and mitogen-induced blastogenesis. Journal of Nutrition 115, 1572–1580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matsuo, N, Osada, K, Kodama, T, Lim, BO, Nakao, A, Yamada, K & Sugano, M (1996) Effects of γ-linolenic acid and its positional isomer pinolenic acid on immune parameters of Brown Norway rats. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 55, 223–229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meade, CJ & Mertin, J (1978) Fatty acids and immunity. Advances in Lipid Research 16, 127–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mertin, J, Stackpoole, A & Shumway, S (1985) Nutrition and immunity: the immunoregulatory effect of n-6 essential fatty acids is mediated through prostaglandin E. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology 77, 390–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meydani, SN, Endres, S, Woods, MM, Goldin, BR, Soo, C, Morrill-Labrode, A, Dinarello, C & Gorbach, SL (1991) Oral (n-3) fatty acid supplementation suppresses cytokine production and lymphocyte proliferation: comparison between young and older women. Journal of Nutrition 121, 547–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meydani, SN, Lichtenstein, AH, Cornwall, S, Meydani, M, Goldin, BR, Rasmussen, H, Dinarello, CA & Schaefer, EJ (1993) Immunologic effects of national cholesterol education panel step-2 diets with and without fish-derived n-3 fatty acid enrichment. Journal of Clinical Investigation 92, 105–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meydani, SN, Nicolosi, RJ & Hayes, KC (1985) Effect of long-term feeding of corn oil or coconut oil diets on immune response and prostaglandin E2 synthesis of squirrel and cebus monkeys. Nutrition Research 5, 993–1002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meydani, SN, Yogeeswaran, G, Liu, S, Baskar, S & Meydani, M (1988) Fish oil and tocopherol-induced changes in natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and PGE2 synthesis in young and old mice. Journal of Nutrition 118, 1245–1252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miles, EA & Calder, PC (1998) Modulation of immune function by dietary fatty acids. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 57, 277–292.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peck, MD (1994) Interactions of lipids with immune function II:Experimental and clinical studies of lipids and immunity. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 5, 514–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, LD, Jeffery, NM, Thies, F, Sanderson, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1998) Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids alter rat spleen leukocyte fatty acid composition and prostaglandin E2 production but have different effects on lymphocyte functions and cell-mediated immunity. Lipids 33, 171–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prickett, JD, Robinson, DR & Bloch, KR (1982) Enhanced production of IgE and IgG antibodies associated with a diet enriched in eicosapentaenoic acid. Immunology 46, 819–826.Google ScholarPubMed
Purasiri, P, McKechnie, A, Heys, SD & Eremin, O (1997) Modulation in vitro of human natural cytotoxicity, lymphocyte proliferative response to mitogens and cytokine production by essential fatty acids. Immunology 92, 166–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rice, C, Hudig, D, Newton, RS & Mendelsohn, J (1981) Effect of unsaturated fatty acids on human lymphocytes. Disparate influences of oleic and linoleic acids on natural cytotoxicity. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 20, 389–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richieri, GV & Kleinfeld, AM (1990) Free fatty acids inhibit cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated lysis of allogeneic target cells. Journal of Immunology 145, 1074–1077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ring, J, Seifert, J, Mertin, J & Brendel, W (1974) Prolongation of skin allografts in rats by treatment with linoleic acid. Lancet ii, 1331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roper, RL & Phipps, RP (1994) Prostaglandin E2 regulation of the immune response. Advances in Prostaglandin, Thromboxane and Leukotriene Research 22, 101–111.Google ScholarPubMed
Rotondo, D, Earl, CRA, Laing, KJ & Kaimakamis, D (1994) Inhibition of cytokine-stimulated thymic lymphocyte proliferation by fatty acids: the role of eicosanoids. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1223, 185–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanderson, P & Calder, PC (1998) Dietary fish oil diminishes lymphocyte adhesion to macrophage and endothelial cell monolayers. Immunology 94, 79–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sanderson, P, Yaqoob, P & Calder, PC (1995 a) Effects of dietary lipid manipulation upon rat spleen lymphocyte functions and the expression of lymphocyte surface molecules. Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine 5, 119–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanderson, P, Yaqoob, P & Calder, PC (1995 b) Effects of dietary lipid manipulation upon graft vs. host and host vs. graft responses in the rat. Cellular Immunology 164, 240–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Santoli, D, Phillips, PD, Colt, TL & Zurier, RB (1990) Suppression of interleukin-2-dependent human T cell growth in vitro by prosta glandin E (PGE) and their precursor fatty acids. Journal of Clinical Investigation 85, 424–432.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soyland, E, Lea, T, Sandstad, B & Drevon, CA (1994) Dietary supplementation with very long chain n-3 fatty acids in man decreases expression of the interleukin-2 receptor (CD25) on mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes from patients with inflammatory skin diseases. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 24, 236–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soyland, E, Nenseter, MS, Braathen, L & Drevon, CA (1993) Very long chain n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit proliferation of human T lymphocytes in vitro. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 23, 112–121.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Springer, TA (1990) Adhesion receptors of the immune system. Nature 346, 425–433.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stoolman, LM (1989) Adhesion molecules controlling lymphocyte migration. Cell 56, 907–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taki, H, Morinaga, S-I, Yamazaki, K, Hamazaki, T, Suzuki, H & Nakamura, N (1992) Reduction of delayed-type hypersensitivity by the injection of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in mice. Transplantation 54, 511–514.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turek, JJ, Schoenlein, IA, Clark, LK & van Alstine, WG (1994) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids effects on immune cells of the porcine lung. Journal of Leukocyte Biology 56, 599–604.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vassilopoulos, D, Zurier, RB, Rossetti, RG & Tsokos, GC (1997) Gammalinolenic acid and dihomogammalinolenic acid suppress the CD3-mediated signal transduction pathway in human T cells. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 83, 237–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Virella, G, Fourspring, K, Hyman, B, Haskill-Stroud, R, Long, L, Virella, I, La Via, M, Gross, AJ & Lopes-Virella, M (1991) Immunosuppressive effects of fish oil in normal human volunteers: Correlation with the in vitro effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on human lymphocytes. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 61, 161–176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wander, RC, Hall, JA, Gradin, JL, Du, S-H & Jewell, DE (1997) The ratio of dietary (n-6) to (n-3) fatty acids influences immune system function, eicosanoid metabolism, lipid peroxidation and vitamin E status in aged dogs. Journal of Nutrition 127, 1198–1205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, WV, Rosenbaum, H & Zurier, RB (1996) Effects of unsaturated fatty acids on expression of early response genes in human T lymphocytes. Pathobiology 64, 27–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, D, Meydani, SN, Meydani, M, Hayek, MG, Huth, P & Nicolosi, RJ (1996) Immunologic effects of marine- and plant-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in nonhuman primates. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 63, 273–280.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamada, K, Hung, P, Yoshimura, K, Taniguchi, S, Lim, BO & Sugano, M (1996) Effect of unsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants on immunoglobulin production by mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes of Sprague-Dawley rats. Journal of Biochemistry 120, 138–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamashita, N, Maruyama, M, Yamazaki, K, Hamazaki, T & Yano, S (1991) Effect of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid on natural killer cell activity in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 59, 335–345.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamashita, N, Yokoyama, A, Hamazaki, T & Yano, S (1986) Inhibition of natural killer cell activity of human lymphocytes by eicosapentaenoic acid. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 138, 1058–1067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yaqoob, P & Calder, PC (1995) The effects of dietary lipid manipulation on the production of murine T-cell-derived cytokines. Cytokine 7, 548–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yaqoob, P, Knapper, J, Webb, D, Williams, C, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1998) Effect of olive oil on immune function in middle-aged men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67, 129–135.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yaqoob, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1994 a) The effect of dietary lipid manipulation on rat lymphocyte subsets and proliferation. Immunology 82, 603–610.Google ScholarPubMed
Yaqoob, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1994 b) Inhibition of natural killer cell activity by dietary lipids. Immunology Letters 41, 241–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yaqoob, P, Newsholme, EA & Calder, PC (1995) Influence of cell culture conditions on diet-induced changes in lymphocyte fatty acid composition. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1255, 333–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoshino, S & Ellis, EF (1987) Effect of a fish oil-supplemented diet on inflammation and immunological processes in rats. International Archives in Allergy and Applied Immunology 84, 233–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed