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Determinants of change in consumption of wholegrain foods in EPIC-Norfolk

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 April 2015

A. A. Mulligan ,
M. A. H. Lentjes ,
A. Bhaniani ,
R. N. Luben  and
K. T. Khaw
A. A. Mulligan
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN
M. A. H. Lentjes
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN
A. Bhaniani
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN
R. N. Luben
Affiliation:
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN
K. T. Khaw
Affiliation:
Clinical Gerontology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ
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Abstract

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Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 74 , Issue OCE1: Summer Meeting, 14–17 July 2014, Carbohydrates in health: friends or foes , 2015 , E145
Copyright
Copyright © The Authors 2015 

In the UK, adults are recommended to eat a variety of wholegrain (WG) foods(1). High WG consumers are more likely to be younger, non-smokers and of a non-manual social class but WG intakes are low and have decreased over time(Reference Thane, Jones and Stephen2). The aim of the present study was to assess the sources of WG foods in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). We also investigated the anthropometric, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors contributing to changes in WG intake over time.

Participants attended a health examination and completed a health and lifestyle questionnaire and a baseline food frequency questionnaire (FFQ1) between 1993 and 1998, and a follow-up FFQ questionnaire (FFQ2) between 1998 and 2000. FFQ data from both time-points were available for 11692 participants. WG foods included WG breakfast cereals, brown rice, wholemeal pasta, porridge, crispbread and wholemeal bread.

A significant decrease of 7·9 g/d (SD = 74·3) in mean daily WG intake from FFQ1 to FFQ2 (p < 0·0001) was seen, but the proportion of food sources remained similar. In FFQ1, 7·5% of participants had no reported daily WG food intake compared to 8·2% in FFQ2; 3·4% consumed no WG foods at either time-point. The difference in WG intake between FFQs was categorised into tertiles and participants’ characteristics were compared.

A change in WG intake was weakly associated with baseline lifestyle characteristics, apart from smoking. Characteristics, other than those of high WG consumers(Reference Thane, Jones and Stephen2), are likely to determine an increase in WG food consumption and should be further investigated to aid development of healthy eating campaigns.

References

1.Food Standards Agency (2013) http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/237282/Eatwell_plate_booklet.pdf.Google Scholar
2.Thane, CW, Jones, AR, Stephen, AM, et al. (2007) Br. J. Nutr. 97, 987–92.Google Scholar