First, a huge thanks to ASIL for facilitating this timely and important conversation. I am honored to be part of this panel.

For a start, I would like to thank Veronika Fikfak for the invitation and initiating this panel. In my brief remarks, I aim to do three things. First, I would like to discuss briefly the development of the relationship between “cities and international law” and consequently the formation of a new research field. I will illustrate this formation by mentioning briefly two projects I am leading with friend and colleague Helmut Aust (Berlin): the ILA Study Group on “The Role of Cities in International Law” and a research handbook on the theme of cities and international law. I will end with some remarks regarding a paper I am currently working on: “The Urban Pushback”. The relationship between cities and international law is complex and multi-faceted. For the purpose of this Conference's Panel, my remarks focus on how international law has become an instrument of cities.

Some twenty-five years ago, John Ruggie defined “multilateralism” in terms that remain apposite today. As an international lawyer, this definition prompts me to reflect on the connections between the international legal order and multilateralism. To be sure, international law has unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral features, for example in lawmaking or law enforcement. Similarly, it can be wielded to unilateral, bilateral, or multilateral ends. Indeed, it is precisely because it transcends ends and issue areas, that international law, by providing “generalized” principles of conduct and interaction, is an important component of multilateralism.

Since its accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), China's exports have been growing exponentially. In 2009, China became the world's top goods exporter. Four years later, China unseated the United States as the top trading nation in the world. In contrast to the burgeoning Chinese economy, the United States and Europe have been suffering from economic decline since the global financial crisis in 2008. China regards its rise as a long overdue restoration of its rightful position, as it has been the largest economy in the world for most of its history, except the brief aberration over the past 150 years. The Western powers, however, view China's rapid development with suspicion, as they attribute China's success mostly to its state-led development model, with state-owned enterprises, massive subsidies, and heavy government intervention playing a major role.