Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T15:09:11.306Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Research and Evaluations of the Health Aspects of Disasters, Part VIII: Risk, Risk Reduction, Risk Management, and Capacity Building

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 March 2016

Marvin L. Birnbaum ,
Alessandro Loretti ,
Elaine K. Daily  and
Ann P. O’Rourke
Marvin L. Birnbaum*
Affiliation:
Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Physiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WisconsinUSA; Emeritus Editor-in-Chief, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
Alessandro Loretti
Affiliation:
Consultant; Retired from the World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
Elaine K. Daily
Affiliation:
Nursing Section Editor, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine; Executive Secretary, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
Ann P. O’Rourke
Affiliation:
Associate Professor, Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WisconsinUSA
*
Correspondence: Marvin L. Birnbaum, MD, PhD 610 N. Whitney Way, Suite 407 Madison, Wisconsin 53705 USA E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

There is a cascade of risks associated with a hazard evolving into a disaster that consists of the risk that: (1) a hazard will produce an event; (2) an event will cause structural damage; (3) structural damage will create functional damages and needs; (4) needs will create an emergency (require use of the local response capacity); and (5) the needs will overwhelm the local response capacity and result in a disaster (ie, the need for outside assistance). Each step along the continuum/cascade can be characterized by its probability of occurrence and the probability of possible consequences of its occurrence, and each risk is dependent upon the preceding occurrence in the progression from a hazard to a disaster. Risk-reduction measures are interventions (actions) that can be implemented to: (1) decrease the risk that a hazard will manifest as an event; (2) decrease the amounts of structural and functional damages that will result from the event; and/or (3) increase the ability to cope with the damage and respond to the needs that result from an event. Capacity building increases the level of resilience by augmenting the absorbing and/or buffering and/or response capacities of a community-at-risk. Risks for some hazards vary by the context in which they exist and by the Societal System(s) involved.

BirnbaumML, LorettiA, DailyEK, O’RourkeAP. Research and Evaluations of the Health Aspects of Disasters, Part VIII: Risk, Risk Reduction, Risk Management, and Capacity Building. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(3):300–308.

Keywords

capacity buildingconsequencesriskrisk managementrisk reduction
Type
Special Reports
Information
Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , Volume 31 , Supplement 3 , June 2016 , pp. 300 - 308
Copyright
© World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

a

Task Force for Quality Control of Disaster Medicine, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Nordic Society for Disaster Medicine. Health Disaster Management Guidelines for Evaluation and Research in the Utstein Style. Sundnes KO, Birnbaum ML (eds). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2003;17(Supplement 3).

References

1. Task Force for Quality Control of Disaster Medicine, World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine, Nordic Society for Disaster Medicine. Health Disaster Management Guidelines for Evaluation and Research in the Utstein Style. Sundnes KO, Birnbaum ML (eds). Prehosp Disaster Med. 2003;17(Supplement 3).Google Scholar
2. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN-ISDR). Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. Extract from the final report of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction. http://www.unisdr.org/eng/hfa/docs/Hyogo-framework-for-action-english.pdf. Accessed July 10, 2011.Google Scholar
3. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Inter-Agency Standing Committee. Humanitarian Reform. http://ochaonline.un.org/roap/WhatWeDo/HumanitarianReform/ tabid/4487/Default.aspx. Accessed July 26, 2011.Google Scholar
4. Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). Transformative Agenda. http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/. Accessed February 21, 2013.Google Scholar
5. Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction. Resilient People, Resilient Planet. Chair’s Summary, Fourth Session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva, Switzerland: May 21-23, 2013. http://www.ifrc.org/docs/IDRL/33306_finalchairssummaryoffourthsessionof.pdf. Accessed November 1, 2013.Google Scholar
6. United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. http://www.unisdr.org/we/coordinate/sendai-framework. Accessed August 31, 2015.Google Scholar
7. Thompson, D (ed). Definition of “risk." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 9th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1995: 1189.Google Scholar
8. The International Organization for Standardization. Risk Management – Principles and Guidelines. ISO31000:2009 (E)15. November 2009, Section 2.19. http://www.iso.org/iso/home/standards/iso31000.htm. Accessed December 13, 2012.Google Scholar
9. Coppola, DP. Introduction to International Disaster Management. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc; 2007.Google Scholar
10. Birnbaum, ML, O’Rourke, AP, Daily, EK, Loretti, A. Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, part II: the Disaster Health Conceptual Framework revisited. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(5):523-538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Birnbaum, ML, Daily, EK, O’Rourke, AP, Kushner, J. Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, part VI: interventional research and the Disaster Logic Model. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(2):181-194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. Baer, EM Understanding odds and probability in the geosciences. http://serc.carleton.edu/quantskills/methods/quantlit/ProbRec.html. Accessed July 26, 2011.Google Scholar
13. US Geologic Survey. 2009 Earthquake Probability Mapping. https://geohazards.usgs.gov/eqprob/2009/index.php. Accessed July 26, 2011.Google Scholar
14. Field EH (USGS, Pasadena). A Summary of Previous Working-Groups on California Earthquake Probabilities. http://www.wgcep.org/sites/wgcep.org/files/WGCEP_ReviewPaper_v6.pdf. Accessed July 26, 2011.Google Scholar
15. Aflac, Inc. Qualitative Risk Analysis. http://www.businessdictionary.com/ definition/qualitative-risk-analysis.html. Accessed July 26, 2011.Google Scholar
16. Ecbproject. Disaster Risk Assessment: Methods and Tools. http://www.ecbproject.org/ Pool/leaving-disasters-behind-chapter-4-risk-assessment.pdf. Accessed July 26, 2011.Google Scholar
17. Pan American Health Organization. Health Sector Self-Assessment Tool for Disaster Risk Reduction. http://www.crid.or.cr/digitalizacion/pdf/eng/doc18109/doc18109-contenido.pdf. Accessed July 26, 2011.Google Scholar
18. Carpenter, RA. Risk Assessment. http://www.hardystevenson.com/ Articles/RISK%20ASSESSMENT.pdf. Accessed July 26, 2011.Google Scholar
19. Gallopin, GC. Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Global Environ Change 2006;16(3):293-303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Adger, WN. Vulnerability. Global Environ Change 2006;6(3):268-281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21. Burkle, F. Personal Communication. November 12, 2010.Google Scholar
22. World Health Organization (WHO)-Pan American Health Organization (PAHO; AMRO). Evaluation of preparedness and response to Hurricanes Georges and Mitch: conclusions and recommendations. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1999;14(2):53-65.Google Scholar
23. Daily, EK, Birnbaum, ML, O’Rourke, AP. Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, part IV: framework for societal structure: the Societal Systems. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;30(6):633-647.Google Scholar
24. Dyson, ME. Come Hell or High Water: Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster. New York USA: Basic Cavitas; 2007.Google Scholar
25. Birnbaum, ML, O’Rourke, AP, Daily, EK. Research and evaluations of the health aspects of disasters, part IX: the risk-reduction interventions and framework. Prehosp Disaster Med. In Press.Google Scholar
26. Miller, JR, Birnbaum, ML. Interventional studies during the cholera epidemic in Haiti. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015;30(suppl):s122. Abstract.Google Scholar
27. Martins, A, Luz, C. Cholera epidemic in Haiti: a multidisciplinary experience. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(suppl):s56. Abstract.Google Scholar
28. Emergency and Humanitarian Action, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. Tsunami 2004: A Comprehensive Analysis Au: Birnbaum ML, Kohl PA, Ofrin R, Daily EK. New Delhi, India: SEARO; 2013.Google Scholar
29. Thompson, D. (ed). Definition of “assess.” The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English, 9th ed. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 1995: 74.Google Scholar
30. Pickett, JP. (ed). Definition of “assess.” The American Heritage College Dictionary, 4th ed. Boston, New York USA: Houghton Mifflin Company; 2002: 86.Google Scholar
31. Fenton, R. Performance assessment system development. Alaska Ed Research J. 1996;2(1):13-22.Google Scholar
32. US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Risk Assessment. http://www.ready.gov/risk-assessment. Accessed November 14, 2012.Google Scholar
33. California Hospital Association. Hazards-vulnerability analysis. http://www.calhospitalprepare.org/hazard-vulnerability-analysis. Accessed March 8, 2013.Google Scholar
34. All Hands Consulting. Comprehensive Hazard Vulnerability Assessment (HVA). http://www.allhandsconsulting.com/go/services/hazard-analysis-and-risk-assessments/108-comprehensive-hazard-vulnerability-assessment-hva. Accessed March 8, 2013.Google Scholar
35. Security Management Online: Security Management Online Hazard Vulnerability Analysis “Tool” as required by Joint Commission Standard (EC 1.4 a.). http://www.securitymanagement.com/main.html. Accessed March 8, 2013.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Birnbaum supplementary material

Appendix

Download Birnbaum supplementary material(File)
File 15 KB