Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-13T22:48:27.357Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Homogeneous dispersion of high-conductive reduced graphene oxide sheets for polymethylmethacrylate nanocomposites

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 March 2014

Xiaopeng Zeng ,
Jingjing Yang ,
Lizhen Zhang ,
Lijuan Chen  and
Wenxia Yuan
Xiaopeng Zeng
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Jingjing Yang
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Lizhen Zhang
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Lijuan Chen
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Wenxia Yuan*
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
*
a) Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The high cohesive interaction between reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets usually makes them difficult to disperse, which limits their utilization in achieving effective hybridization with polymers. We report here a new two-step route for preparing non-aggregated and high-conductive RGO powders. Graphene oxide precursor was first reduced by hydrazine hydrate in presence of a thermal unstable surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). Then a thermal annealing process under H2/Ar atmosphere was further used to remove the non-conductive CTAC molecules. The prepared RGO powder exhibited an electrical conductivity of 2.23 × 104 S m−1 – about ten times higher than the one (N-RGO) simply reduced by hydrazine hydrate. After incorporating into polymethylmethacrylate with a 5 wt% loading, the composite showed a conductivity of 4.11 S m−1, which was 60 times as high as that of the same composite based on N-RGO powder. The addition and subsequent removal of CTAC molecules is an effective method for preparing non-aggregated and highly conductive graphene powder and obtaining good incorporation into polymer matrices.

Keywords

graphenepolymethylmethacrylateconductivitynanocompositesX-ray diffraction
Type
Technical Articles
Information
Powder Diffraction , Volume 29 , Issue 3 , September 2014 , pp. 241 - 247
Copyright
Copyright © International Centre for Diffraction Data 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Campbell, S. J., Kelly, D. C., and Peacock, T. E. (1989). “Graphite: the ultimate large aromatic molecule,” Aust. J. Chem. 42, 479–488.Google Scholar
Chang, H. X., Wang, G. F., Yang, A., Tao, X. M., Liu, X. Q., Shen, Y. D., and Zheng, Z. J. (2010). “A transparent, flexible, low – temperature, and solution – processible graphene composite electrode,” Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 2893–2902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, Y. F., Liu, Y. S., Cai, Q., Liu, Y. Z., and Zhang, J. M. (2012). “Synthesis of CTAB-intercalated graphene/polypyrrole nanocomposites via in situ oxidative polymerization,” Synthetic. Met. 162, 1815–1821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandez-Merino, M. J., Guardia, L., Paredes, J. I., Villar-Rodil, S., Solis-Fernandez, P., Martinez-Alonso, A., and Tascon, J. M. D. (2010). “Vitamin C is an ideal substitute for hydrazine in the reduction of graphene oxide suspensions,” J. Phys. Chem. C 114, 6426–6432.Google Scholar
Goh, P. S., Ng, B. C., Ismail, A. F., Aziz, M., and Sanip, S. M. (2010). “Surfactant dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyetherimide nanocomposite membrane,” Solid State Sci. 12, 2155–2162.Google Scholar
Jang, J. Y., Jeong, H. M., and Kim, B. K. (2009). “Compatibilizing effect of graphite oxide in graphene/PMMA nanocomposites,” Macromol. Res. 17, 626–629.Google Scholar
Kuila, T., Bose, S., Khanra, P., Kim, N. H., and Lee, J. H. (2011). “Characterization and properties of in-situ emulsion polymerized poly (methyl methacrylate)/graphene nanocomposites,” Compos. Part. A – Appl. Sci. 42, 1856–1861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lian, H. Q., Li, S. X., Liu, K. L., Xu, L. R., Wang, K. S., and Guo, W. L. (2011). “Study on modified graphene/butyl rubber nanocomposites. I. Preparation and characterization,” Polym. Eng. Sci. 51, 2254–2260.Google Scholar
Pei, S. F., Zhao, J. P., Du, J. H., Ren, W. C., and Cheng, H. M. (2010). “Direct reduction of graphene oxide films into highly conductive and flexible graphene films by hydrohalic acids,” Carbon 48, 4466–4474.Google Scholar
Pramoda, K. P., Hussain, H., Koh, H. M., Tan, H. R., and He, C. B. (2010). “Covalent bonded polymer–graphene nanocomposites,” J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 48, 4262–4267.Google Scholar
Stankovich, S., Dikin, D. A., Dommett, G. H. B., Kohlhaas, K. M., Zimney, E. J., Stach, E. A., Piner, R. D., Nguyen, S. T., and Ruoff, R. S. (2006). “Graphene-based composite materials,” Nature 442, 282–286.Google Scholar
Tung, T. T., Kim, T. Y., Shim, J. P., Yang, W. S., Kim, H., and Suh, K. S. (2011). “Poly (ionic liquid)-stabilized graphene sheets and their hybrid with poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene),” Org. Electron. 12, 2215–2224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uddin, M. E., Kuila, T., Nayak, G. C., Kim, N. H., Ku, B. C., and Lee, J. H. (2013). “Effects of various surfactants on the dispersion stability and electrical conductivity of surface modified graphene,” J. Alloys Compd. 562, 134–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, G., Shen, X., Wang, B., Yao, J., and Park, J. (2009). “Synthesis and characterisation of hydrophilic and organophilic graphene nanosheets,” Carbon 47, 1359–1364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, J. C., Hu, H. T., Wang, X. B., Xu, C. H., Zhang, M., and Shang, X. P. (2011). “Preparation and mechanical and electrical properties of graphene nanosheets–poly (methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites via in situ suspension polymerization,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 122, 1866–1871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, M. X., Liu, Q., Sun, H. F., Stach, E. A., Zhang, H. Y., Stanciu, L., and Xie, J. (2012). “Preparation of high-surface-area carbon nanoparticle/graphene composites,” Carbon 50, 3845–3853.Google Scholar
Xu, Y. F., Wang, Y., Liang, J. J., Huang, Y., Ma, Y. F., Wan, X. J., and Chen, Y. S. (2009). “A hybrid material of graphene and poly (3, 4-ethyldioxythiophene) with high conductivity, flexibility, and transparency,” Nano Res. 2, 343–348.Google Scholar
Yang, D., Velamakanni, A., Bozoklu, G., Park, S., Stoller, M., Piner, R. D., Stankovich, S., Jung, I., Field, D. A., and Ventrice, C. A. Jr (2009). “Chemical analysis of graphene oxide films after heat and chemical treatments by X-ray photoelectron and micro-Raman spectroscopy,” Carbon 47, 145–152.Google Scholar
Yang, Y. K., He, C. E., Peng, R. G., Baji, A., Du, X. S., Huang, Y. L., Xie, X. L., and Mai, Y. W. (2012). “Non-covalently modified graphene sheets by imidazolium ionic liquids for multifunctional polymer nanocomposites,” J. Mater. Chem. 22, 5666–5675.Google Scholar
Zeng, X. P., Yang, J. J., and Yuan, W. X. (2012). “Preparation of a poly (methyl methacrylate)-reduced graphene oxide composite with enhanced properties by a solution blending method,” Eur. Polym. J. 48, 1674–1682.Google Scholar
Zhang, H. B., Zheng, W. G., Yan, Q., Jiang, Z. G., and Yu, Z. Z. (2012). “The effect of surface chemistry of graphene on rheological and electrical properties of polymethylmethacrylate composites,” Carbon 50, 5117–5125.Google Scholar
Zhang, K., Mao, L., Zhang, L. L., Chan, H. S. O., Zhao, X. S., and Wu, J. (2011). “Surfactant-intercalated, chemically reduced graphene oxide for high performance supercapacitor electrodes,” J. Mater. Chem. 21, 7302–7307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, J. P., Pei, S. F., Ren, W. C., Gao, L. B., and Cheng, H. M. (2010). “Efficient preparation of large-area graphene oxide sheets for transparent conductive films,” ACS Nano 4, 5245–5252.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zheng, W. G., and Wong, S. C. (2003). “Electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of PMMA/expanded graphite composites,” Compos. Sci. Technol. 63, 225–235.Google Scholar
Zhu, C., Guo, S., Fang, Y., and Dong, S. (2010). “Reducing sugar: new functional molecules for the green synthesis of graphene nanosheets,” ACS Nano 4, 2429–2437.Google Scholar