Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T13:43:53.336Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Feminism, Primatology, and Ethical Naturalism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 May 2016

Larry Arnhart*
Affiliation:
Northern Illinois University, USA
Get access

Abstract

Primatology supports a feminist ethical naturalism rooted in evolutionary biology. Patriarchal exploitation can be condemned as contrary to women's natural needs and capacities, although prudence is required in recognizing how ecological circumstances limit the range of practicable reform. Donna Haraway's history of primatology, however, illustrates the tendency of some feminists to reject naturalistic realism in favor of nihilistic relativism. Such relativism is disastrous for the feminist position, because it deprives the feminist of any ground in nature for criticizing patriarchal customs. The scenario of “Woman the Gatherer” illustrates feminist naturalism in primatology. Judging female circumcision as frustrating the natural needs of both men and women illustrates the power of feminist naturalism for cultural critique.

Type
Roundtable Article
Copyright
Copyright © Association for Politics and the Life Sciences 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alexander, R.D.(1979). Darwinism and Human Affairs. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, R.D.(1987). The Biology of Moral Systems. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Alexander, R.D.(1989). “Evolution of the Human Psyche.” In Mellars, P.and Stringer, C.(eds.), The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, R.D.(1990). “How Did Humans Evolve? Reflections on the Uniquely Unique Species.” Special Publications, No. 1, Museum of Zoology, The University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Aristotle, (1984). The Complete Works of Aristotle. Edited by Barnes, J.Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Arnhart, L.(1988). “Aristotle's Biopolitics: A Defense of Biological Teleology Against Biological Nihilism” (with commentaries and response). Politics and the Life Sciences 6:173229.Google Scholar
Arnhart, L.(1990a). “Aristotle, Chimpanzees, and Other Political Animals.” Social Science Information 29:479559.Google Scholar
Arnhart, L.(1990b). “A Sociobiological Defense of Aristotle's Sexual Politics.” Paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco, August 30-September 2.Google Scholar
Blackwell, A.B.(1875). The Sexes Throughout Nature. New York: Putnam & Sons.Google Scholar
Boesch, C.and Boesch, H.(1989). “Hunting Behavior of Wild Chimpanzees in the Tai National Park.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78:547573.Google Scholar
Brown, D.E.(1991). Human Universals. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Butler, M.(1978). “Early Liberal Roots of Feminism: John Locke and the Attack on Patriarchy.” American Political Science Review 72:135150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, R.W.and Whiten, A., eds. (1988). Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Cachel, S.(1990). Review of Primate Visions, by D. Haraway. American Journal of Primatology 22:139142.Google Scholar
Cartmill, M.(1991). Review of Primate Visions, by D. Haraway. International Journal of Primatology 12:6775.Google Scholar
Cheney, D., Seyfarth, R., and Smuts, B.(1986). “Social Relationships and Social Cognition in Nonhuman Primates.” Science 234:13611366.Google Scholar
Corning, P.(1983). The Synergism Hypothesis. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Cronk, L.(1991). “Human Behavioral Ecology.” Annual Review of Anthropology 20:2553.Google Scholar
Daly, M.and Wilson, M.(1988). Homicide. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Darwin, C.(1871). The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2 vols. London: John Murray. Facsimile reprint, with Introduction byBonner, J. T.and May, R. M.Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Degler, C.(1991). In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dupré, J.(1990). “Global versus Local Perspectives on Sexual Difference.” In Rohde, D.(ed.), Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Elshtain, J.B.(1987). “Against Androgyny.” In Phillips, A.(ed.), Feminism and Equality. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Fausto-Sterling, A.(1990). Review of Primate Visions, by D. Haraway. Journal of the History of Biology 23:329333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fedigan, L.M.(1986). “The Changing Role of Women in Models of Human Evolution.” Annual Review of Anthropology 15:2566.Google Scholar
Feuer, L.(1978). “Marx and Engels as Sociobiologists.” Survey 23:109136.Google Scholar
Ghiglieri, M.P.(1987). “Sociobiology of the Great Apes and the Hominid Ancestor.” Journal of Human Evolution 16:319–57.Google Scholar
Ghiglieri, M.P.(1988). East of the Mountains of the Moon. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Ghiglieri, M.P.(1989). “Hominoid Sociobiology and Hominid Social Evolution.” In Heltne, P.and Marquardt, L.A.(eds.), Understanding Chimpanzees. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gilbert, A.(1990). Democratic Individuality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Goodall, J.(1986). The Chimpanzees of Gombe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gould, S.J.(1991). Bully for Brontosaurus: Reflections in Natural History. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Gruter, M.and Masters, R., eds. (1986). Ostracism: A Social and Biological Phenomenon. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W.D.(1964). “The Genetical Evolution of Social Behavior, I and II.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:152.Google Scholar
Haraway, D.(1989). Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Haraway, D.(1991). Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Heltne, P.and Marquardt, L.A., eds. (1989). Understanding Chimpanzees. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Herodotus, (1987). The History. Translated by Grene, D.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Herrick, C.J.(1956). The Evolution of Human Nature. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, M.(1989). “Sex Differences in the Behavioral Development of Chimpanzees at Mahale.” In Heltne, P.G.and Marquardt, L.A.(eds.), Understanding Chimpanzees. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Horowitz, M.C.(1976). “Aristotle and Woman.” Journal of the History of Biology 9:183213.Google Scholar
Hrdy, S.B.(1981). The Woman That Never Evolved. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Jaggar, A.(1983). Femininist Politics and Human Nature. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld.Google Scholar
Jaggar, A.(1990). “Sexual Difference and Sexual Equality.” In Rohde, D.(ed.), Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Katchadourian, H.A.(1985). Fundamentals of Human Sexuality. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Koso-Thomas, O.(1987). The Circumcision of Women: A Strategy for Eradication. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar
Lamb, M.E., Pleck, J., Charnov, E., and Levine, J.(1987). “A Biosocial Perspective on Paternal Behavior and Involvement.” In Lancaster, J.B., Altmann, J., Rossi, A.S., and Sherrod, L.R.(eds.), Parenting Across the Life Span: Biosocial Dimensions. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Lauglin, W.S.(1968). “Hunting: An Integrating Biobehavior System and Its Evolutionary Importance.” In Lee, R.and DeVore, I.(eds.), Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Lee, R.(1968). “What Hunters Do for a Living, or, How to Make Out on Scarce Resources.” In Lee, R.and DeVore, I.(eds.), Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Lee, R.and DeVore, I., eds. (1968). Man the Hunter. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Lerner, G.(1986). The Creation of Patriarchy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Levy, H.L.(1990). “Does Aristotle Exclude Women from Politics?” The Review of Politics 52:397416.Google Scholar
Lightfoot-Klein, H.(1979). “Crimes against Thirty Million.” New Statesman 98:266268.Google Scholar
Lightfoot-Klein, H.(1989). Prisoners of Ritual: An Odyssey into Female Circumcision in Africa. Binghamton, NY: Harrington Park Press.Google Scholar
Linton, S.(1971). “Woman the Gatherer: Male Bias in Anthropology.” In Jacobs, S.E.(ed.), Women in Perspective: A Guide for Cross Cultural Studies. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
McGrew, W.C.(1981). “The Female Chimpanzee as a Human Evolutionary Prototype.” In Dahlberg, F.(ed.), Woman the Gatherer. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
McGrew, W.C.(1991). “Apes Cast Out of Eden?” Review of The Egalitarians—Human and Chimpanzee, by M. Power. Nature 354:324.Google Scholar
McShea, R.(1990). Morality and Human Nature. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Marcovic, M.(1983). “Human Nature.” In Bottomore, T.(ed.), A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Marx, K.(1967). Capital. 3 vols. Translated byMoore, S.and Aveling, E.New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Marx, K.(1978). Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. New York: International Publishers.Google Scholar
Mason, W.A.(1982). “Primate Social Intelligence.” In Griffith, D.R.(ed.), Animal Mind-Human Mind. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Midgley, M.(1978). Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mill, J.S.(1964). Autobiography. New York: New American Library.Google Scholar
Mill, J.S.(1970). The Subjection of Women. In Rossi, A.S.(ed.), Essays on Sex Equality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Mises, L. von(1981). Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis. Translated byKahane, J.Indianapolis: Liberty Classics.Google Scholar
Montgomery, C.(1991). Walking with the Great Apes: Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey, Biruté Galdikas. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Noddings, N.(1990). “Ethics from the Standpoint of Women.” In Rohde, D.(ed.), Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Okin, S.(1990). “Thinking Like a Woman.” In Rohde, D.(ed.), Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Perlez, J.(1990). “Puberty Rite for Girls Is Bitter Issue Across Africa.” New York Times, January 15.Google Scholar
Power, M.(1991). The Egalitarians—Human and Chimpanzee: An Anthropological View of Social Organization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ruddick, S.(1980). “Maternal Thinking.” Feminist Studies 6:342367.Google Scholar
Ruddick, S.(1989). Maternal Thinking. New York: Ballantine Books.Google Scholar
Salkever, S.G.(1990). Finding the Mean: Theory and Practice in Aristotelian Political Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Schubert, G.(1991a). “Primatology, Feminism, and Political Behavior.” In Schubert, G.and Masters, R.D.(eds.), Primate Politics. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.Google Scholar
Schubert, G.(1991b). Sexual Politics and Political Feminism. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar
Scull, A.and Favreau, D.(1986). “The Clitoridectomy Craze.” Social Research 53:243–60.Google Scholar
Shanley, M.L.(1989). Feminism, Marriage, and the Law in Victorian England, 1850-1895. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Showalter, E.(1985). The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar
Smuts, B.(1992). “Male Aggression against Women: An Evolutionary Perspective.” Human Nature 3:144.Google Scholar
Spitz, R.(1952). “Authority and Masturbation.” Psychoanalytic Quarterly 21:490514.Google Scholar
Symons, D.(1979). The Evolution of Human Sexuality. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tanner, N.(1981). On Becoming Human. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Tanner, N.(1987). “The Chimpanzee Model Revisited and the Gathering Hypothesis.” In Kinzey, W.G.(ed.), The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Models. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Tanner, N.and Zihlman, A.(1976). “Women in Evolution. Part 1. Innovation and Selection in Human Origins.” Signs 1:585608.Google Scholar
Tooby, J.and DeVore, I.(1987). “The Reconstruction of Hominid Behavioral Evolution through Strategic Modeling.” In Kinsey, W.G.(ed.), The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Models. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Trivers, R.(1972). “Parental Investment and Sexual Selection.” In Campbell, B.(ed.), Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man, 1871-1971. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
de Waal, F.(1982). Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
de Waal, F.(1989a). Peacemaking Among Primates. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
de Waal, F.(1989b). “Food Sharing and Reciprocal Obligations Among Chimpanzees.” Journal of Human Evolution 18:433459.Google Scholar
de Waal, F.(1991). “The Chimpanzee's Sense of Social Regularity and Its Relation to the Human Sense of Justice.” American Behavioral Scientist 34:335–49.Google Scholar
West, M.M.and Konner, M.J.(1976). “The Role of the Father: An Anthropological Perspective.” In Lamb, M.E.(ed.), The Role of the Father in Child Development. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Wilson, E.O.(1975). Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, E.O.(1978). On Human Nature. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wollstonecraft, M.(1983). Vindication of the Rights of Woman. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Zihlman, A.(1978). “Women and Evolution. Part 2. Subsistence and Social Organization Among Early Hominids.” Signs 4:420.Google Scholar
Zihlman, A.(1981). “Women as Shapers of Human Adaptation.” In Dahlberg, F.(ed.), Woman the Gatherer. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Zihlman, A.and Tanner, N.(1978). “Gathering and the Hominid Adaptation.” In Tiger, L.and Fowler, H.(eds.), Female Hierarchies. Chicago: Beresford.Google Scholar