Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T18:48:25.440Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The development of cargo submarines for polar use

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2009

Alfred S. McLaren
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The United States and Canada, like other northern industrial nations, are under considerable economic pressures to develop their indigenous resources of oil and natural gas. Incentives for exploration and development are provided by increases in the price of fuels on world markets and political instability in the Middle East, the major alternative source of supply. The Arab oil embargo of 1973–74 quadrupled prices per barrel from US$3.00 to US$12.00 in less than a year; since then the price on world markets has trebled and remains unstable. Searches for new sources of energy in the far north have led firstly to the discovery of major shore-based fields (for example those centred on Prudhoe Bay), and the extension of old ones (Norman Wells), and more recently to important developments off-shore. Many new sites are now being explored, and to date over two billion dollars have been spent by the US and Canada, to find and develop Arctic offshore wells. As yet not a cent has been earned in return, largely because there are at present no means of delivering the petroleum from offshore sites—no safe and reliable system of transportation equivalent to the pipelines from shore-based sites. Industry and government are considering alternatives, but no full-scale construction or procurement programmes have yet been launched.

Type
Articles
Information
Polar Record , Volume 21 , Issue 133 , January 1983 , pp. 369 - 381
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, W. R. 1959. Nautilus-90-North. London, Hodder and Stoughton.Google Scholar
Buxton, J. 1982. Italians finalize agreement on Soviet gas. Financial Times, 29 01 1982.Google Scholar
Calvert, J. 1961. Surface at the Pole. London, Hutchinson.Google Scholar
Courtney, J. L. 1977. Arctic resource transportation: present system and future development. In: Amaria, P. J. and others, ed. Arctic Systems. New York and London, Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Crewe, P. R. and Hardy, D. J. 1962. The submarine ore carrier. Paper presented at meeting of the Royal Institute of Naval Architects, 28 03 1962.Google Scholar
Danenhower, S. 1931. The Arctic submarine ‘Nautilus’. In: Wilkins, H. 1931. Under the North Pole. New York, Brewer, Warren and Putnam Incorporated, p 235–73.Google Scholar
Dodsworth, T. 1982. Paris and Kremlin agree on gas pipeline contract. Financial Times, 25 01 1982.Google Scholar
General Dynamics. 1970. Advertisement. US Naval Institute Proceedings, 96 (6/808), June 1970.Google Scholar
Geographical Journal. 1901. A new plan for reaching the North Pole. Geographical Journal, 17 (4): 435.Google Scholar
Giniger, H. 1982. Project to ship gas from Arctic nears approval in Canada. The New York Times, 13 02, 1982.Google Scholar
Gorlatov, S. and Gakkel', Ya. 1965. A significant event in the history of navigation. Problems of the Arctic and Antarctic, Issue 20: 84–91. (Translation of Znamenatel'neye subytiye i isterii more' plavaniya, Vypusk 20, 1965).Google Scholar
Hargreaves, I. 1981. Arctic gas-by-submarine plan. Financial Times, 19 November 1981.Google Scholar
Huxley, J. 1981. It's the Jugger-Nautilus. The Sunday Times, 29 November 1981.Google Scholar
Kronholm, W. 1981. Sub could mine natural gas, General Dynamics proposes. San Diego Evening Tribune, 10 November 1981.Google Scholar
Lake, S. 1931. The development of the under ice submarine. In: Wilkins, H., 1931. Under the North Pole. New York, Brewer, Warren and Putnam, p 203–32.Google Scholar
Lippman, T. W. 1981. Submerged tanker idea floated. International Herald Tribune, 29 October 1981.Google Scholar
Lyon, W. K. 1959. The polar submarine and navigation of the Arctic. Research Report 88. San Diego, US Navy Electronics Laboratory.Google Scholar
Lyon, W. K. 1963. The submarine and the Arctic Ocean. Polar Record, 11 (75): 699–705CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malcolm, A. H. 1982. Pioneers of Polaris mine Arctic's lode. The New York Times, 22 03 1982.Google Scholar
Mathihsen, T. 1954. Svalbard in the changing Arctic. Oslo, Glydendal Norsk Forlag.Google Scholar
McLaren, A. S. 1981. Under the ice in submarines. U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol. 107/7/941, July 1981, p 105–09.Google Scholar
McLaren, A. S. 1982. Exploration under the Arctic ice. Explorers Journal, 03 1982, p 34–39.Google Scholar
McWethy, R. 1958. Significance of the Nautilus Polar cruise. US Naval Institute Proceedings, 84 (5): 32–35.Google Scholar
Moore, J., ed. 1976. Jane's Pocket Book 8 Submarine Development. London, MacDonald and Jane's Publishers Limited.Google Scholar
Newsweek, . 1981. Submarine supertanker. 30 November 1981: 88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norman, P. 1981. West Germany signs huge piped gas deal with Russia. The Times, 21 November 1981.Google Scholar
Preston, A. 1975. Submarine: the history and evolution of underwater fighting vessels. London, Octopus Books Limited.Google Scholar
Robb, D. 1982. Submarine tankers proposed for Arctic LNG transport. Sea Technology, 02 1982: 23–25Google Scholar
Rossler, E. 1981. The U-Boat, the evolution and technical history of the German submarines. Translated by Erenberg, Harold. London. Arms and Armour Press.Google Scholar
Sater, J. E., coord. 1969. The Arctic Basin, revised edition. Washington, DC, The Arctic Institute of North America.Google Scholar
Steele, G. 1962. Seadragon, northwest under the ice. New York, E. P. Dutton.Google Scholar
Stefansson, V. 1922. The northwest course of Empire. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stefansson, V. 1931. The history of the idea. In: Wilkins, H. 1931. Under the North Pole. New York, Brewer and Warren Incorporated.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. K. and Montgomery, J. B. 1977. Arctic submarine tanker system. Paper presented at the 9th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, 2–5 June 1977.Google Scholar
Truitt, J. 1970. Moving Alaska's oil by submarine tanker. Navy, 75 (3): 80–81.Google Scholar
United States of America. Department of Interior. 1972. Final environmental impact proposed Trans-Alaska Pipeline: Vol II Introduction and summary. Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
United States of America. Navy Hydrographic Office. 1950. Manual of Ice Seamanship. Pub. No 551. Washington, DC, US Navy Hydrographic Office.Google Scholar
United States of America. Office of Naval Intelligence. 1951. German U-Boats in the Arctic. Office of Naval Intelligence Review, VI, Parts I–V.Google Scholar
Veliotis, P. and Reitz, S. 1981. A submarine LNG tanker concept for the Arctic. Groton, General Dynamics Corporation.Google Scholar
Wallace, H. N. 1981. Geographical explorations to 1880. In: Zaslow, M., ed. 1981. A century of Canada's Arctic islands 1880–1980. Ottawa, The Royal Society of Canada, p 31.Google Scholar
Werner, H. 1981. Deep sea program. Technologies International Document T.I. III/81, November 1981.Google Scholar
Wilkins, H. 1931. Under the North Pole. New York; Brewer, Warren and Putnam.Google Scholar