Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T11:27:42.241Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Acarine colonisation of Antarctica and the islands of the Southern Ocean: the role of zoohoria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 October 2009

P.J.A. Pugh
Affiliation:
British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET

Abstract

A quarter of the terrestrial Acari recorded from Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands are parasitic haematophages or non-feeding phoretics associated with other larger and more mobile animals, especially sea birds and pterygote insects. Although flying sea birds are effective vectors of zoohoric mites into the region, penguins are not and merely serve as reservoir hosts. Similarly, most of the mites associated with insects were accidentally introduced by man as free-living adults that subsequently utilised a range of alien and indigenous insects as local dispersal mechanisms.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, I. 1974. Notes on the biogeography of the freeliving terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Macquarie Island with an annotated checklist. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 6: 143152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Athias-Binche, F. 1982. A redescription of Thinozercon michaeli Halbert, 1915 (Uropodina: Thinozerconoidea) with notes on its systematic status. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 82B: 261276.Google Scholar
Athias-Binche, F. 1984. Phoresy in Uropodina (Anatctinotrichida): occurrence, demographic involvements and ecological significance. In: Griffiths, D.A. and Bowman, C.E. (eds). Acarology VI. Chichester: Ellis-Horwood: 276285.Google Scholar
Athias-Binche, F. 1994. La phoresie chez les Acariens, aspects adaptifs et evolutifs. Perpignan: Editions du Castillet.Google Scholar
Athias-Binche, F. and Evans, G.O.E.. 1981. Observations on the genus Protodinychus Evans, 1957 (Acari: Mesostigmata) with description of the male and phoretic deuteronymph. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 81B: 2536.Google Scholar
Atyeo, W.T. and Peterson, P.C.. 1967. Astigmata (Sarcoptiformes): Proctophyllodidae, Avenzoariidae (feather mites). In: Gressitt, J.L. (ed). Entomology of Antarctica. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union (Antarctic Research Series 10): 97103.Google Scholar
Atyeo, W.T. and Peterson, P.C.. 1970. Acarina: Astigmata: Analgoidea: feather mites of South Georgia and Heard Island. Pacific Insects Monograph 23: 121151.Google Scholar
Balashov, Yu.S. 1972. Bloodsucking ticks (Ixodoidea) – vectors of disease of man and animals. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 8: 163367.Google Scholar
Barrois, T. 1888. Sur un acarien nouveau (Uropoda orchestiidarum) commensal des Talitres et des Orchesties. Mémoires de la Société (Royale) des Sciences de l' Agriculture et des Artes à Lille (4th serie) 15: 327330.Google Scholar
Begon, L., Harper, J. L. and Townsend, C.R.. 1986. Ecology: individuals, populations and communities. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Behura, B.K. 1956. The relationship of the Tyroglyphoid mite, Histiosomapolypori (Oud.) with the earwig Forficula auricularia. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 64: 8594.Google Scholar
Bellair, P. 1965. Un example de glaciation aberrante: lies Kerguelen. Comite National Frangais des Recherches Antarctiques 11: 127.Google Scholar
Binns, E.S. 1982. Phoresy as migration, some functional aspects of phoresy in mites. Biological Reviews 57: 571620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, W. 1982. Supercooling points of insects and mites on the Antarctic Peninsula. Ecological Entomology 7: 18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonner, W.N. and Honey, M.R.. 1987. Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera) at South Georgia. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 77: 157161.Google Scholar
Boyd, I.L., Arnould, J.Y.P., Barton, T. and Croxall, J.P.. 1994. Foraging behaviour of Antarctic fur seals during periods of contrasting prey abundance. Journal of Applied Ecology 63: 703713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooke, M. de L 1985. The effects of allopreening on tick burdens of moulting Eudyptid penguins. Auk 102: 893895.Google Scholar
Bull, P.C. 1960. Parasites of the European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) on some sub-Antarctic islands. New Zealand Journal of Science 3: 258273.Google Scholar
Carlquist, S. 1974. Island biogeography. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Chown, S.L. 1990. Possible effects of Quaternary climate change on the composition of insect communities on the South Indian Ocean Province Islands. South African Journal of Science 86: 386391.Google Scholar
Chown, S.L. 1994. Historical ecology of sub-Antarctic weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): patterns and processes on isolated islands. Journal of Natural History 28: 411433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chown, S.L. and Crafford, J.E.. 1992. Microhabitat temperatures at Marion Island (46° 54'S 37° 45'E). South African Journal of Antarctic Research 22: 5158.Google Scholar
Chown, S.L. and Language, K.. 1994. Recently established Diptera and Lepidoptera on sub-Antarctic Marion Island. African Entomology 2: 5760.Google Scholar
Convey, P. 1996. Overwintering strategies of terrestrial invertebrates in Antarctica – the significance of flexibility in extremely seasonal environments. European Journal of Entomology 93: 489505.Google Scholar
Crafford, J.E. and Chown, S.L. 1990. The introduction and establishment of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L, Plutellidae) on Marion Island. In Kerry, K. R., and Hempel, G. (eds). Antarctic ecosystems: ecological change and conservation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag: 334338.Google Scholar
Crafford, J.E., Scholz, C.H. and Chown, S.L. 1986. The insects of subantarctic Marion and Prince Edward Islands; with a bibliography of entomology of the Kerguelen biogeographic province. South African Journal of Antarctic Research 16: 4148.Google Scholar
Crisp, D.J. 1964. Plastron respiration. Recent Progress in Surface Science 2: 377425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cross, E.A. 1965. The generic relationships of the family Pyemotidae (Acarina: Trombidiformes). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 45: 29275.Google Scholar
Danks, H.V. 1981. Arctic arthropods, a review of systematics and ecology with particular reference to the North American fauna. Ottawa: Entomological Society of Canada.Google Scholar
Danks, H.V. 1990. Arctic insects: instructive diversity. In: Harington, C.R. (ed). Canada's missing dimension: science and history in the Canadian Arctic islands. Ottawa: Canadian Museum of Nature: II, 444470.Google Scholar
Dubinin, V.B. 1949. Feather mites of the Procellariformes and their particulars. Akademiya Nauka SSSR, Zoologicheskii Institut po Parasitologeski Shorn 11: 201228.Google Scholar
Duchêne, J.C. 1989. Kerguelen recherches au bout du monde. La Riche, France: Instaprint.Google Scholar
Duffy, D.C. 1983. The ecology of tick parasitism on densely nesting Peruvian seabirds. Ecology 64: 110119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, G.O. 1992. Principles of acarology. Wallingford: C.A.B. International.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, G.O. and Hyatt, K.H.. 1963. Mites of the genus Macrocheles Latr. (Mesostigmata) associated with coprid beetles in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Zoology Series 9: 325401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveleigh, E.S. and Threlfall, W.. 1974. The biology of Ixodes (Ceratixodes) uriae White, 1852 in Newfoundland. Acarologia 16: 621635.Google Scholar
Faasch, H. 1967. Beitrag zur Biologie der einheimischen Uropodiden Urobovella marginata (C.L. Koch, 1839) und Uropoda oribicularis (O.F. Muller, 1776) und experimented Analyse ihres Phoresiverhaltens. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik Zoologies. 94 521608.Google Scholar
Fain, A. and Beacornu, J.C.. 1984. Psylloglyphuscrenulatus n.sp. nouvel hypope (Acari, Saproglyphidae) phorètique sur un puce d'oiseau Notiopsylla kerguelensis (Taschenberg, 1880). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Beige d'Entomologie 120: 99104.Google Scholar
Fain, A. and Colloff, M.J.. 1990. A new genus and two new species of mites (Acari, Histiostomatidae) phoretic on Traskorchestia traskiana (Stimpson, 1857) (Crustacea, Amphipoda) from Canada. Journal of Natural History 24: 667672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falla, R. A. 1960. Oceanic birds as dispersal agents. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Series B, 152: 655659.Google Scholar
Farrish, D.J. and Axtell, R.C.. 1971. Phoresy redefined and examined in Macrocheles muscadomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae). Acarologia 13: 1629.Google Scholar
Forster, R. R. 1964. The Araneae and Opiliones of the sub-Antarctic islands of New Zealand. Pacific Insects Monograph 7: 58115.Google Scholar
Fox, A.J. and Cooper, A.P.R.. 1994. Measured properties of the Antarctic ice sheet derived from the SCAR Antarctic digital database. Polar Record 30 (174): 207220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, B. 1961. Mite orientation and survival on flies. Nature 190: 107108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenslade, P. 1990. Notes on the biogeography of the free-living terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Macquarie Island with an annotated checklist. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 124: 3550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenslade, P. 1995. Collembola from the Scotia Arc and Antarctic Peninsula including descriptions of two new species and notes on biogeography. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczie 64: 305319.Google Scholar
Gressitt, J. L. 1961. Problems in the zoogeography of Pacific and Antarctic insects. Pacific Insects Monograph 2: 194.Google Scholar
Gressitt, J. L. 1970. Subantarctic entomology particularly of South Georgia and Heard Island. Pacific Insects Monograph 23: 1374.Google Scholar
Headland, R. K. 1984. The island of South Georgia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Heilbronn, T.D. and Walton, D.W.H.. 1984. The morphology of some periglacial features on South Georgia and their relationship to local environment. British Antarctic Survey Bulletin 64: 2136.Google Scholar
Johns, P.M. 1964. Insects of Campbell Island. Chilopoda, Diplopoda (preliminary note on the myriapoda of the New Zealand subantarctic islands). Pacific Insects Monograph 7: 170172.Google Scholar
Kennedy, J.S. 1961. A turning point in the study of insect migration. Nature 189: 785791.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khali, G. M. and Hoogstraal, H.. 1981. The life cycle of Ornithodorus (Alectorobius) amblus (Acari: Ixodoidea: Argasidae) in the laboratory. Journal of Medical Entomology 18: 134139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, K.C. 1975. Ecology and morphological adaptations of the sucking lice (Anoplura, Echinophthiridae) on the northern fur seal. Rapport et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions de la Commission International pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranée 169: 504515.Google Scholar
Kinn, D.N. 1971. The lifecycleandbehaviourof Cercoleipus coelonotus (Acarina: Mesostigmata) including a survey of phoretic mite associates of California Scolytidae. University of California Publications in Entomology 65: 162.Google Scholar
Kinn, D.N. and Witkosky, J.J.. 1978. Variation in southern pine beetle attack height associated with phoretic uropodid mites. Canadian Entomologist 110: 249251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krantz, G.W. 1978. A manual of acarology. Second edition. Corvallis: Oregon State University Bookstores.Google Scholar
Kuschel, G. 1990. Biogeographic aspects of the subantarctic islands. Roma Accademiae Internazionale de Lincei 85: 575591.Google Scholar
Leader-Williams, N. 1988. Reindeer on South Georgia: the ecology of an introduced population. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Levin, S.A., Cohen, D. and Hastings, A.. 1984. Dispersal strategies in patchy environments. Theoretical Population Biology 26: 165191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis-Smith, R.I. 1984. Terrestrial plant biology of the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic. In: Laws, R.M. (ed). Antarctic ecology. London: Academic Press: 61162.Google Scholar
Lindquist, E. E. 1975. Association between mites and other arthropods in forest floor habitats. Canadian Entomologist 107: 425437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, R.H. and Wilson, E.O.. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Marshall, D.J. and Pugh, P.J.A.. 1996. Origin of the inland Acari of continental Antarctica, with particular reference to Dronning Maud Land. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 118: 101118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michael, A.D. 1901. British Tyroglyphidae. Volume I. London: Ray Society.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, R. 1967. Host exploitation of two closely related water mites. Evolution 21: 5975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mitchell, R. 1968. Site selection by larval water mites parasitic on the damselfly, Cercion hieroglyphicum Brauer. Ecology 49: 4047.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, M.D. 1964. Ecology of the ectoparasites of seals and penguins. In: Carrick, R., Holdgate, M. and Prevost, J. (eds). Biologie Antarctique. Paris: Hermann Press.Google Scholar
Murray, M.D. and Vestjens, W.M.J.. 1967. Studies on the ectoparasites of seals and penguins. III. The distribution of the tick Ixodes uriae White and the flea Parapsyllus magellanicus heardi de Meillon on Macquarie Island. Australian Journal of Zoology 15: 715725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, A. A. and Giller, P. S.. 1988. Process pattern and scale in biogeography. In: Myres, A. A. and Giller, P. S. (eds). Analytical biogeography: an integrated approach to the study of animal and plant distributions. London: Chapman and Hall: 312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, R. A. 1980. Observations on phoresy by oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatei). InternationalJournal of Acarology 6: 121130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olsen, B. 1995. Birds and borrelia. Unpublished medical dissertation. Umeå: Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Umeå.Google Scholar
Phillips, J. R. 1984. Acarine symbionts of trogid beetles. In: Griffiths, D. A., and Bowman, C. E. (eds). Acarology VI. Chichester: Ellis-Horwood.Google Scholar
Pugh, P. J. A. 1993. A synonymic catalogue of the Acari from Antarctica, the sub-Antarctic islands and the Southern Ocean. Journal of Natural History 27: 323421.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, P. J. A. 1994. The non-indigenous Acari of Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 110: 207217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, P. J. A. 1996a. The respiratory system of Halarachne halichoeri(Halarachnidae: Gamasida: Anactinotrichida). Journal of Zoology 239: 285300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, P.J.A. 1996b. Edaphic oribatid mites (Cryptostigmata: Acarina) associated with an aquatic moss on sub-Antarctic South Georgia. Pedobiologia 40: 113117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, P. J. A. and Dartnall, H.J.G.. 1994. The Acari of freshand brackish water habitats in the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic regions. Polar Biology 14: 401404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, P. J. A. and MacAlister, H.. 1994. Acari of the supralittoral zone on sub-Antarctic South Georgia. Pedobiologia 38: 552565.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, P. J. A., King, P. E. and Fordy, M. R.. 1988. The spiracle of Ixodes ricinus(L.)(Ixodidae: Metastigmata: Acarina)– a passive diffusion barrier for water vapour. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 93: 113131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pugh, P. J. A., King, P. E. and Fordy, M. R.. 1991. Larvae of Trombidium (Trombidium) poriceps (Oudemans) (Trombidiidae: Prostigmata: Acarina) parasitic on Chersodromia speculifera Walker (Empidiidae: Diptera: Hexapoda). Acarologia 32: 2327.Google Scholar
Radovsky, F. J. 1969. Adaptive radiation in the parasitic Mesostigmata. Acarologia 11: 450483.Google ScholarPubMed
Richardson, A. M. M. and Jackson, J. E.. 1995. The first record of a terrestrial landhopper (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Talitridae) from Macquarie Island. Polar Biology 15: 419422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rigby, M. C. 1996. Association of a juvenile phoretic mite with the beach hopper Traskorchestia Eraskiana (Stimpson, 1857) (Crustacea: Talitridae). Journal of Natural History 30: 16171624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robaux, P. 1974. Recherches sur le développement et la biologiedes Acariens ‘Trombidiidae’. Mémoires de Museum Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Series A) 85: 1186.Google Scholar
Robinson, I. 1953. The hypopusof Hericia hericia(Kramer), Acarina Tyroglyphidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 123: 267272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulze, B. R. 1971. Climate of Marion Island. In: van Zinderen-Bakker, E. M., Winterbottom, J. M., and Dryer, R. A. (eds). Marion and Prince Edward islands. Report on the South African biological and geological expedition 1965–1966. Cape Town: Balkema Press.Google Scholar
Selkirk, P. M., Seppelt, R. D. and Selkirk, D. R.. 1990. Subantarctic Macquarie Island: environment and biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Slip, D. J., Hindell, M. A. and Burton, H. R.. 1994. Diving behaviour of southern elephant seals from Macquarie Island: an overview. In: LeBoef, B. J., and Laws, R. M. (eds). Elephant seals: population ecology, behaviour and physiology. Berkeley: University of California Press: 253270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sonenshine, D. E. 1991. Biology of ticks. Volume 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sonenshine, D. E. 1993. Biology of ticks. Volume 2. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Southwood, T. R. E. 1962. Migration of terrestrial arthropods in relation to habitat. Biological Reviews 37: 171214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, B. W. 1954. An example of long distance dispersal. Ecology 35: 569572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theiler, G. 1971. Ixodoidea. In: van Zinderen-Bakker, E. M., Winterbottom, J. M. and Dryer, R.A. (eds). Mario and Prince Edward islands. Report on the South African biological and geological expedition 1965–1966. Cape Town: Balkema Press.Google Scholar
Tilbrook, P. J. 1967. The terrestrial invertebrate fauna of the maritime Antarctic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 252: 261278.Google Scholar
Treat, E. A. 1975. The mites of moths and butterflies. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Verwoerd, W.J. 1971. Geology. In: van Zinderen-Bakker, E.M., Winterbottom, J.M., and Dryer, R.A. (eds). Marion and Prince Edward islands. Report on the South African biological and geological expedition 1965–1966. Cape Town: Balkema Press.Google Scholar
Voisin, J.F. 1975. Vanessa cardui (L.) dans. I'Archipel Crozet (Lep. Nymphalidae). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 80: 8081.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Volgin, V.I. 1971. The hypopus and its main types. In: Daniel, M. and Rosicky, B. (eds). Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress ofAcarology, Prague, August 31st-September 6th, 1971. The Hague: Junk.Google Scholar
Watson, K.C. 1967. The terrestrial arthropods of Macquarie Island. Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions Reports Series 13, 99: 188.Google Scholar
West, C. C. 1984. Ecology of soil arthropods on South Georgia. Unpublished PhD thesis: London: University of London.Google Scholar
Williams, T. D. 1995. The penguins: Spheniscidae. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar