Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-03T08:42:13.002Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Resentment: Shakespeare and Nietzsche on Anger without Privilege

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 March 2022

Abstract

This essay traces the literary and cultural history of resentment from the word's first arrival in English. It argues that resentment harbors the seeds of a new paradigm of anger, tied to a new sense of anger's social content: where ancient accounts of anger center on the anger of the powerful, this form of anger—embodied most famously in Nietzsche's theory of Ressentiment—addresses the anger of disempowered social agents. The argument unfolds in three stages: first, I use digital tools and a large-scale archive to analyze what early modern writers wrote about when they wrote about resentment; second, I pursue the word into the history of science and new ways of thinking about the nature of anger; and third, I read literary history and the Shakespearean plot of tragic intrigue in particular as an extended imaginative investigation of this changing set of concerns in the sociality of anger.

Type
Essays
Copyright
Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Modern Language Association of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

The research for this essay was undertaken with the help of yearlong fellowships at the Newberry Library in Chicago and the Institute for Research in the Humanities at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and shorter fellowships at the Huntington Library and the Folger Shakespeare Library. Thanks also to audiences at Columbia University, Northwestern University, and the Shakespeare Association of America, for engaging with earlier versions of the argument.

References

Works Cited

Adelman, Janet. Blood Relations: Christian and Jew in The Merchant of Venice. U of Chicago P, 2008.10.7208/chicago/9780226006833.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, Sara. The Cultural Politics of Emotion. 2nd ed. 2004. Routledge, 2015.Google Scholar
Allen, D. S. “Angry Bees, Wasps, and Jurors: The Symbolic Politics of Orgē in Athens.” Braund and Most, pp. 76–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae. Blackfriars, 1963.Google Scholar
Aristotle. The Basic Works of Aristotle. Edited by McKeon, Richard, Random House, 1941.Google Scholar
Aristotle. De anima. Translated by Aristotle, J. A. Smith, Basic Works, pp. 533640.Google Scholar
Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Translated by Aristotle, W. D. Ross., Basic Works, pp. 9271112.Google Scholar
Aristotle. On Rhetoric. Translated by Kennedy, George A., 2nd ed., Oxford UP, 2007.Google Scholar
Baier, Annette. “Hume on Resentment.” Hume Studies, vol. 6, no. 2, 1980, pp. 133–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barker-Benfield, G. J. The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain. U of Chicago P, 1992.Google Scholar
Belsey, Catherine. Shakespeare in Theory and Practice. Edinburgh UP, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blount, Thomas. Academie of Eloquence. London, 1654.Google Scholar
Bowers, Fredson. Elizabethan Revenge Tragedy, 15871642. Peter Smith, 1940.Google Scholar
Braden, Gordon. Renaissance Tragedy and the Senecan Tradition: Anger's Privilege. Yale UP, 1985.Google Scholar
Bradley, A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy. 1904. Penguin Books, 1991.Google Scholar
Braund, Susanna, and Most, Glenn W., editors. Ancient Anger: Perspectives from Homer to Galen. Cambridge UP, 2003.Google Scholar
Brown, Wendy. States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity. Princeton UP, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browne, Thomas. Hydriotaphia. London, 1658.Google Scholar
Bryson, Anna. From Courtesy to Civility: Changing Codes of Conduct in Early Modern England. Clarendon Press, 1998.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgess, Miranda. “On Being Moved: Sympathy, Mobility, and Narrative Form.Poetics Today, vol. 32, no. 2, 2011, pp. 289321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrow, Colin. Epic Romance: Homer to Milton. Oxford UP, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairns, David. “Ethics, Ethology, Terminology: Iliadic Anger and the Cross-Cultural Study of Emotion.” Braund and Most, pp. 1149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairns, David. “The Politics of Envy: Envy and Equality in Ancient Greece.” Envy, Spite, and Jealousy: The Rivalrous Emotions in Ancient Greece, edited by Konstan, David and Rutter, Keith, Edinburgh UP, 2003, pp. 235–52.Google Scholar
Canguilhem, Georges. La formation du concept de réflexe aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Presses Universaires de France, 1955.Google Scholar
Céspedes y Meneses, Gonzalo de. Gerardo the Unfortunate Spaniard. Translated by Digges, Leonard, London, 1622.Google Scholar
Chemaly, Soraya. Rage Becomes Her: The Power of Women's Anger. Atria, 2018.Google Scholar
Cherry, Myisha. The Case for Rage: Why Anger Is Essential to Anti-Racist Struggle. Oxford UP, 2021.10.1093/oso/9780197557341.001.0001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cicero. Cicero on the Emotions: Tusculan Disputations 3 and 4. Translated by Graver, Margaret, U of Chicago P, 2002.Google Scholar
Clericuzio, Antonio. Principles, and Corpuscles: A Study of Atomism and Chemistry in the Seventeenth Century. Kluwer, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. Lectures, 1808–1819: On Literature. Edited by Foakes, R. A., vol. 2, Princeton UP / Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987. Vol. 5 of The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge.Google Scholar
Coles, Elisha. A Dictionary, English-Latin, and Latin-English. London, 1677.Google Scholar
Cooper, Thomas. Biblioteca Eliotae. London, 1559.Google Scholar
Critchley, Simon, and McCarthy, Tom. “Universal Shylockery: Money and Morality in The Merchant of Venice.Diacritics, vol. 34, no. 1, 2004, pp. 217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Des Chene, Dennis. Life's Form: Late Aristotelian Conceptions of the Soul. Cornell UP, 2000.Google Scholar
Des Chene, Dennis. Spirits and Clocks: Machine and Organism in Descartes. Cornell UP, 2000.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Descartes, René. Passions de l’âme. Oeuvres, edited by Adam, Charles and Tannery, Paul, vol. 11, Léopold Cerf, 1909, pp. 291497.Google Scholar
Descartes, René. The Passions of the Soul. Translated by Moriarty, Michael, Oxford UP, 2015.Google Scholar
Detienne, Marcel, and Vernant, Jean-Pierre. Les ruses de l'intelligence: La mètis des Grecs. Flammarion, 1974.Google Scholar
Dewhurst, Kenneth. Thomas Willis's Oxford Lectures. Sandford, 1980.Google Scholar
Dilmac, Betül. “Epic Anger in La Gerusalemme liberata: Rinaldo's Irascibility and Tasso's Allegoria della Gerusalemme.” Enenkel and Traninger, pp. 288311.Google Scholar
Dixon, Thomas. From Passions to Emotions: The Creation of a Secular Psychological Category. Cambridge UP, 2006.Google Scholar
Du Verdier, Gilbert Saulnier. The Love and Armes of the Greeke Princes; or, The Romant of the Romants. London, 1640.Google Scholar
Duchesneau, François. La physiologie des lumières: Empirisme, modèles, et théories. Martinus Nijhoff, 1982.Google Scholar
Eden, Kathy. Poetic and Legal Fiction in the Aristotelian Tradition. Princeton UP, 1986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elias, Norbert. The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations. Translated by Jephcott, Edmund et al. , Blackwell Publishers, 2000.Google Scholar
Eliot, T. S.Seneca in Elizabethan Translation.” Selected Essays, 1917–1932, Harcourt, Brace, 1932, pp. 5190.Google Scholar
Elyot, Thomas. The Dictionary of Syr Thomas Eliot. London, 1538.Google Scholar
Emden, Christian J. Nietzsche on Language, Consciousness, and the Body. U of Illinois P, 2005.Google Scholar
Enenkel, Karl A. E., and Traninger, Anita, editors. Discourses of Anger in the Early Modern Period. Brill, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erne, Lukas. Beyond the Spanish Tragedy. Manchester UP, 2001.Google Scholar
Euripides. Medea. Translated by Kovacs, David. 1994. Harvard UP, 2001.Google Scholar
Euripides. Medea. Translated by Svarlien, Diane Arnson, Hackett, 2008.Google Scholar
Fallon, Stephen M. Milton among the Philosophers: Poetry and Materialism in Seventeenth-Century England. Cornell UP, 1991.Google Scholar
Fillion-Lahille, Janine. Le De ira de Sénèque et la philosophie stöicienne des passions. Klincksieck, 1984.Google Scholar
Fisher, Philip. The Vehement Passions. Princeton UP, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flecknoe, Richard. The Affections of a Pious Soule. London, 1640.Google Scholar
Floyd-Wilson, Mary. English Ethnicity and Race in Early Modern Drama. Cambridge UP, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Force, Pierre. Self-Interest before Adam Smith: A Genealogy of Economic Science. Cambridge UP, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foyster, Elizabeth A. Manhood in Early Modern England: Honour, Sex and Marriage. Routledge, 1999.Google Scholar
Frank, Robert G. Harvey and the Oxford Physiologists. U of California P, 1980.Google Scholar
Freeman, Ralph. Imperiale. London, 1639.Google Scholar
French, Roger. William Harvey's Natural Philosophy. Cambridge UP, 1994.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galen of Pergamon. On the Passions and Errors of the Soul. Translated by Harking, Paul W., Ohio State UP, 1963.Google Scholar
Gikandi, Simon. Slavery and the Culture of Taste. Princeton UP, 2011.Google Scholar
Girard, René. A Theater of Envy: William Shakespeare. Oxford UP, 1991.Google Scholar
Glisson, Francis. Tractatus de ventriculo et intestinis. Amsterdam, 1677.Google Scholar
Goldie, Peter. The Emotions: A Philosophical Exploration. Oxford UP, 2000.Google Scholar
Goldman, Alvin I. Simulating Minds: The Philosophy, Psychology, and Neuroscience of Mindreading. Oxford UP, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, Daniel M. The Secret History of Emotion from Aristotle's Rhetoric to Modern Brain Science. U of Chicago P, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, Kenneth. Shylock Is Shakespeare. U of Chicago P, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harbage, Alfred. “Intrigue in Elizabethan Tragedy.Essays on Shakespeare and Elizabethan Drama, edited by Hosely, Richard, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963, pp. 3744.Google Scholar
Hardie, Andrew. “CQPweb—Combining Power, Flexibility and Usability in a Corpus Analytics Tool.International Journal of Corpus Linguistics, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 380409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, William. Anatomical Exercitations concerning the Generation of Living Creatures. London, 1653.Google Scholar
Harvey, William. Exercitationes de generatione animalium. London, 1651.Google Scholar
Heal, Felicity, and Holmes, Clive. The Gentry in England and Wales, 15001700. Stanford UP, 1994.Google Scholar
Heller-Roazen, Daniel. The Inner Touch: Archaeology of a Sensation. Zone Books, 2009.Google Scholar
Henry, John. “The Matter of Souls: Medical Theory and Theology in Seventeenth-Century England.” The Medical Revolution of the Seventeenth Century, edited by French, Roger and Wear, Andrew, Cambridge UP, 1989, pp. 87113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, John. “Medicine and Pneumatology: Henry More, Richard Baxter, and Francis Glisson's Treatise on the Energetic Nature of Substance.Medical History, vol. 31, 1987, pp. 1540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirschman, Albert O. The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph. 1977. Princeton UP, 1997.Google Scholar
Holub, Robert C. Nietzsche's Jewish Problem: Between Anti-Semitism and Anti-Judaism. Princeton UP, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homer. The Iliad. Translated by Fagles, Robert. 1990. Penguin Books, 1998.Google Scholar
Hunt, Margaret R. The Middling Sort: Commerce, Gender, and the Family in England, 16801780. U of California P, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutson, Lorna. The Invention of Suspicion: Law and Mimesis in Shakespeare and Renaissance Drama. Oxford UP, 2008.Google Scholar
Hutson, Lorna. “The Play in the Mind's Eye.The Places of Early Modern Criticism, edited by Alexander, Gavin et al. , Oxford UP, 2021, pp. 97111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
James, Mervyn. English Politics and the Concept of Honour, 14851642. Past and Present Society, 1978.Google Scholar
James, Susan. Passion and Action: The Emotions in Seventeenth-Century Philosophy. Oxford UP, 1997.Google Scholar
Johnson, Samuel. Johnson on Shakespeare. Edited by Raleigh, Walter, Henry Frowde, 1908.Google Scholar
Jonson, Ben. The New Inn. London, 1631.Google Scholar
Kahn, Victoria. Rhetoric, Prudence, and Skepticism in the Renaissance. Cornell UP, 1985.Google Scholar
Kastan, David Scott. A Will to Believe: Shakespeare and Religion. Oxford UP, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, Gwynne. Just Anger: Representing Women's Anger in Early Modern England. Southern Illinois UP, 2000.Google Scholar
Kerrigan, John. Revenge Tragedy: Aeschylus to Armageddon. Clarendon Press, 1996.Google Scholar
Klein, Lawrence E. Shaftesbury and the Culture of Politeness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-Century England. Cambridge UP, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knoeff, Rina. “The Reins of the Soul: The Centrality of the Intercostal Nerves to the Neurology of Thomas Willis and to Samuel Parker's Theology.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, vol. 59, no. 3, 2004, pp. 413–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolb, Laura. “The Final Speech and the Missing Soliloquy: Feminine Performance in The Taming of the Shrew.” 2021. Typescript.Google Scholar
Konstan, David. The Emotions of the Ancient Greeks: Studies in Aristotle and Greek Literature. U of Toronto P, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kövecses, Zoltán. Metaphor and Emotion: Language, Culture, and Body in Human Feeling. Cambridge UP, 2000.Google Scholar
Krewet, Michael. “Descartes’ Notion of Anger: Aspects of a Possible History of Its Premises.” Enenkel and Traninger, pp. 143–71.Google Scholar
Kyd, Thomas. The Spanish Tragedy. Edited by Calvo, Clara and Tronch, Jesús, Arden, 2013.Google Scholar
Langford, Paul. “The Uses of Eighteenth-Century Politeness.Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, vol. 12, 2002, pp. 311–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Large, Duncan. “Nietzsche's Shakespearean Figures.” Why Nietzsche Still? Reflections on Drama, Culture, and Politics, edited by Schrift, Alan D., U of California P, 2000, pp. 4565.Google Scholar
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain, Ernest Flammarion, 1921.Google Scholar
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Preface. New Essays on Human Understanding, translated by Remnant, Peter and Bennett, Jonathan, Cambridge UP, 1996, pp. 4368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, Charlton T., and Short, Charles. A Latin Dictionary. Clarendon, 1879.Google Scholar
Locke, John. An Essay concerning Human Understanding. Edited by Woolhouse, Roger, Penguin Books, 1997.Google Scholar
Lorde, Audre. “The Uses of Anger.” 1981. Women's Studies Quarterly, vol. 25, nos. 1–2, 1997, pp. 278–85.Google Scholar
MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. 1981. U of Notre Dame P, 1984.Google Scholar
Magnusson, Lynne. Shakespeare and Social Dialogue: Dramatic Language and Elizabethan Letters. Cambridge UP, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marlowe, Christopher. Tamburlaine Part One. Edited by Cunningham, J. S.. 1981. Manchester UP, 1997.Google Scholar
Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Edited by Kastan, David Scott, Hackett, 2005.Google Scholar
Miner, Robert. Thomas Aquinas on the Passions: A Study of Summa Theologiae 1a2ae 22–48. Cambridge UP, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miola, Robert. Shakespeare and Classical Tragedy: The Influence of Seneca. Clarendon Press, 1992.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, Pankaj. Age of Anger: A History of the Present. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017.Google Scholar
Montaigne, Michel de. Les essaies. Edited by Villey, P. and Saulnier, V.-L., 2 vols., Presses Universaires de France, 1965.Google Scholar
Montaigne, Michel de. Essayes. Translated by Florio, John, London, 1603.Google Scholar
Mood, N. (2).” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2021, www.oed.com/view/Entry/121879?rskey=R43HXx&result=2&isAdvanced=false#eid.Google Scholar
Most, Glenn W. “Anger and Pity in Homer's Iliad.” Braund, and Most, , pp. 5075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muellner, Leonard C. The Anger of Achilles: Menis in Greek Epic. Cornell UP, 1996.Google Scholar
Ngai, Sianne. Ugly Feelings. Harvard UP, 2005.Google Scholar
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Der Antichrist. Nietzsche Source, www.nietzschesource.org/#eKGWB/AC.Google Scholar
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Ecce Homo. Translated by Large, Duncan, Oxford UP, 2007.Google Scholar
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Die fröliche Wissenschaft. Nietzsche Source, www.nietzschesource.org/#eKGWB/FW.Google Scholar
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Menschliches, Allzumenschliches. Nietzsche Source, www.nietzschesource.org/#eKGWB/MA-I.Google Scholar
Nietzsche, Friedrich. On the Genealogy of Morals. Translated by Smith, Douglas, Oxford UP, 1996.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. Anger and Forgiveness: Resentment, Generosity, Justice. Oxford UP, 2016.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. Cambridge UP, 2001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pagel, Walter. William Harvey's Biological Ideas. Hafner Publishing, 1967.Google Scholar
Passannante, Gerard P. The Lucretian Renaissance: Philology and the Afterlife of Tradition. U of Chicago P, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paster, Gail Kern. Humoring the Body: Emotions and the Shakespearean Stage. U of Chicago P, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peltonen, Markku. The Duel in Early Modern England: Civility, Politeness and Honour. Cambridge UP, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plutarch. De cohibenda ira. Moralia, translated by Helmbold, W. C., vol. 6, Harvard UP, 1939, pp. 89–159. 15 vols.Google Scholar
Pocock, J. G. A. Virtue, Commerce, and History: Essays on Political Thought and History, Chiefly in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge UP, 1985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, Linda. “Anger and the Negotiation of Relationships in Early Modern England.The Historical Journal, vol. 47, no. 3, 2004, pp. 567–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, Linda. “Honor, Gender, and Reconciliation in Elite Culture, 1570–1700.” Journal of British Studies, vol. 46, no. 1, 2007, pp. 329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollard, Tanya. Greek Tragic Women on Shakespearean Stages. Oxford UP, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pseudo-Andronicus of Rhodes. Peri pathon. Translated by Glibert-Thirry, A., E. J. Brill, 1977.Google Scholar
Resent, V.” Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford UP, 2021, www.oed.com/view/Entry/163478?rskey=9WRBaN&result=3#eid.Google Scholar
Resentment, Ressentiment.” An English Dictionary, by Coles, Elisha, London, 1677, sig. 2H4v.Google Scholar
Resentment, or Ressentiment.” The New World of English Words, by Phillips, Edward, London, 1658, sig. 2K4v.Google Scholar
Ressentiment.” Dictionnaire de la langue française du seizième siècle, by Huguet, Edmond, vol. 6, Champion, 1965, pp. 547–48.Google Scholar
Ressentiment.” Glossographia, by Blount, Thomas, London, 1656, sig. 2L2r.Google Scholar
Ressentir.” Dictionnaire de la langue française du seizième siècle, by Huguet, Edmond, vol. 6, Champion, 1965, pp. 548–49.Google Scholar
Risentiménto.” Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, vol. 16, Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 1995, pp. 796–97.Google Scholar
Risentire.” Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, vol. 16, Unione Tipografico-Editrice Torinese, 1995, pp. 797–99.Google Scholar
Risentíre.” Queen Anna's New World of Words, by Florio, John, London, 1611, sig. 2P1r.Google Scholar
Riskin, Jessica. Science in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment. U of Chicago P, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Benedict. “Magnetic Theaters.Historical Affects and Early Modern Theater, edited by Arab, Ronda et al. , Routledge, 2015, pp. 2839.Google Scholar
Robinson, Benedict. Passion's Fictions from Shakespeare to Richardson: Literature and the Sciences of Soul and Mind. Oxford UP, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Benedict. “‘Swarth’ Phantastes: Race and Representation in The Faerie Queene.Spenser Studies, vol. 35, 2021, pp. 133–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Benedict. “Thinking Feeling.” Affect Theory and Early Modern Texts: Politics, Ecologies, Form, edited by Bailey, Amanda and Digangi, Mario, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017, pp. 109–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Benedict. “Turning Fury.” Early Modern Women's Anger. MLA Annual Convention, 6 Jan. 2019, Hyatt Regency, Chicago.Google Scholar
Rogers, John. The Matter of Revolution: Science, Poetry, and Politics in the Age of Milton. Cornell UP, 1996.Google Scholar
Rosenwein, Barbara H. Emotional Communities in the Early Middle Ages. Cornell UP, 2006.Google Scholar
Rousseau, G. S. Nervous Acts: Essays on Literature and Sensibility. Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.Google Scholar
Scafuro, Adele C. The Forensic Stage: Settling Disputes in Graeco-Roman New Comedy. Cambridge UP, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senault, Jean-François. The Use of Passions. London, 1649.Google Scholar
Seneca. De ira. Anger, Mercy, Revenge, translated by Kaster, Robert A. and Nussbaum, Martha, U of Chicago P, 2010, pp. 3129.Google Scholar
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of. Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times. 1711. Edited by Klein, Lawrence E., Cambridge UP, 1999.Google Scholar
Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Edited by Jenkins, Harold, Routledge, 1989.Google Scholar
Shakespeare, William. King Lear. Edited by Foakes, R. A., Bloomsbury, 1997.Google Scholar
Shakespeare, William. The Merchant of Venice. Edited by Mahood, M. M.. 1987. Revised by Lockwood, Tom, Cambridge UP, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shakespeare, William. A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare: The Merchant of Venice. Edited by Furness, Horace Howard, J. B. Lippincott, 1888.Google Scholar
Shakespeare, William. Othello. Edited by Neill, Michael, Oxford UP, 2006.Google Scholar
Shakespeare, William. The Taming of the Shrew. Edited by Hodgdon, Barbara, Bloomsbury, 2010.Google Scholar
Shakespeare, William. Timon of Athens. Edited by Dawson, Anthony B. and Minton, Gretchen E., Bloomsbury, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shakespeare, William. Titus Andronicus. 1995. Edited by Bate, Jonathan, Thomson, 2002.Google Scholar
Shapiro, James. Shakespeare and the Jews. Columbia UP, 1996.Google Scholar
Shoemaker, Robert. “Male Honour and the Decline of Public Violence in Eighteenth-Century London.” Social History, vol. 26, no. 2, 2001, pp. 190208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, Adam. The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Edited by Raphael, D. D. and Macfie, A. L., Oxford UP, 1976.Google Scholar
Snell, Bruno. Die Entdeckung des Geistes: Studien zur Entstehung des europäischen Denkens bei den Griechen. 1953. Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2011.Google Scholar
Sorabji, Richard. Emotion and Peace of Mind: From Stoic Agitation to Christian Temptation. Clarendon, 2000.Google Scholar
Souter, Alexander. A Glossary of Later Latin to 600 A.D. Clarendon, 1949.Google Scholar
Spelman, Elizabeth V.Anger and Insubordination.” Women, Knowledge, and Reality: Explorations in Feminist Philosophy, edited by Garry, Ann and Pearsall, Marilyn, Unwin Hyman, 1989, pp. 263–74.Google Scholar
Spiller, Elizabeth. Reading and the History of Race in the Renaissance. Cambridge UP, 2014.Google Scholar
Starobinski, Jean. Action and Reaction: The Life and Adventures of a Couple. Translated by Hawkes, Sophie and Fort, Jeff, Zone Books, 2003.Google Scholar
Steinke, Hubert. Irritating Experiments: Haller's Concept and the European Controversy on Irritability and Sensibility, 1750–90. Rodopi, 2005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stocker, Michael, and Hegeman, Elizabeth. Valuing Emotions. Cambridge UP, 1996.Google Scholar
Stone, Lawrence. The Crisis of the Aristocracy, 15581641. Oxford UP, 1967.Google Scholar
Strier, Richard. The Unrepentant Renaissance: From Petrarch to Shakespeare to Milton. U of Chicago P, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sutton, John. Philosophy and Memory Traces: Descartes to Connectionism. Cambridge UP, 1998.Google Scholar
Temkin, Owsei. “The Classical Roots of Glisson's Doctrine of Irritation.” The Double Face of Janus” and Other Essays in the History of Medicine. Johns Hopkins UP, 1977, pp. 290316.Google Scholar
Thesaurus linguae latinae. K. G. Saur, 2002– .Google Scholar
Thompson, Evan. Mind in Life: Biology, Phenomenology, and the Sciences of Mind. Belknap Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Thomson, Anne. Bodies of Thought: Science, Religion, and the Soul in the Early Enlightenment. Oxford UP, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Traister, Rebecca. Good and Mad: The Revolutionary Power of Women's Anger. Simon and Schuster, 2018.Google Scholar
Traninger, Anita. “Anger Management and the Rhetoric of Authenticity in Montaigne's De la colère (II, 31).” Enenkel and Traninger, pp. 97125.Google Scholar
Trimpi, Wesley. Muses of One Mind: The Literary Analysis of Experience and Its Continuity. Princeton UP, 1983.Google Scholar
Van Sant, Ann Jessie. Eighteenth-Century Sensibility and the Novel: The Senses in Social Context. Cambridge UP, 1993.Google Scholar
Vaughan, Henry. Silex scintillans. London, 1650.Google Scholar
Vermeule, Blakey. The Party of Humanity: Writing Moral Psychology in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Johns Hopkins UP, 2000.Google Scholar
Vermeule, Blakey. Why Do We Care about Literary Characters? Johns Hopkins UP, 2010.Google Scholar
Vidal, Fernando. The Sciences of the Soul: The Early Modern Origins of Psychology. Translated by Brown, Saskia, U of Chicago P, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vila, Anne C. Enlightenment and Pathology: Sensibility in the Literature and Medicine of Eighteenth-Century France. Johns Hopkins UP, 1998.Google Scholar
Walker, D. P.Medical Spirits in Philosophy and Theology from Ficino to Newton.” Arts du spectacle et histoire des idées. Recueil omageen omage à Jean Jacquot, Centre d’Études Supérieurs de la Renaissance, 1984, pp. 287300.Google Scholar
Watson, Robert N.Tragedies of Revenge and Ambition.” The Cambridge Companion to Shakespearean Tragedy, edited by McEachern, Claire, Cambridge UP, 2002, pp. 160–81.Google Scholar
Watt, Ian. The Rise of the Novel. 1957. U of California P, 2001.Google Scholar
Willis, Jakob. “Pierre Corneille's Cinna ou la clémence d'Auguste in Light of Contemporary Discourses on Anger (Descartes, Le Moyne, Senault).” Enenkel and Traninger, pp. 331–54.Google Scholar
Willis, Thomas. “The Anatomy of the Brain.” Dr. Willis's Practice of Physick, translated by Pordage, Samuel, London, 1681, sigs. H3r–T1v.Google Scholar
Willis, Thomas. De anima brutorum. London, 1672.Google Scholar
Willis, Thomas. A Medical-Philosophical Discourse of Fermentation. Translated by Pordage, Samuel, London, 1681.Google Scholar
Willis, Thomas. The Soul of Brutes. Translated by Pordage, Samuel, London, 1683.Google Scholar
Woodbridge, Linda. English Revenge Tragedy: Money, Resistance, Equality. Cambridge UP, 2010.Google Scholar
Yolton, John W. Thinking Matter: Materialism in Eighteenth-Century Britain. U of Minnesota P, 1983.Google Scholar
Yovel, Yirmyahu. Dark Riddle: Hegel, Nietzsche, and the Jews. Penn State UP, 1998.Google Scholar