Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-01T01:08:13.016Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Translocal Anglo-India and the Multilingual Reading Public

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 October 2020

James Mulholland
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This article proposes a new literary history of British Asia that examines its earliest communities and cultural institutions in translocal and regional registers. Combining translocalism and regionalism redefines Anglo‐Indian writing as constituted by multisited forces, only one of which is the reciprocal exchange between Britain and its colonies that has been the prevailing emphasis of literary criticism about empire. I focus on the eighteenth century's overlooked military men and lowlevel colonial administrators who wrote newspaper verse, travel poetry, and plays. I place their compositions in an institutional chronicle defined by the “cultural company‐state,” the British East India Company, which patronized and censored Anglo- India's multilingual reading publics. In the process of arguing for Anglo‐Indian literature as a local and regional creation, I consider the how the terms British and anglophone should function in literary studies of colonialism organized not by hybridity or creolization but by geographic relations of distinction. (JM)

Type
Research Article
Information
PMLA , Volume 135 , Issue 2 , March 2020 , pp. 272 - 298
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 James Mulholland

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Works Cited

A. “To the Editor of The Calcutta Gazette.” The Calcutta Gazette; or, Oriental Advertiser, 8 Feb. 1787, p. 2.Google Scholar
Ahmed, Siraj. The Stillbirth of Capital: Enlightenment Writing and Colonial India. Stanford UP, 2012.Google Scholar
Alam, Muzaffar, and Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. “Witnesses and Agents of Empire: Eighteenth-Century Historiography and the World of the Mughal Munshi.” Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 53, 2010, pp. 393–423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. Verso, 1983.Google Scholar
Anderson, Misty G. Female Playwrights and Eighteenth-Century Comedy: Negotiating Marriage on the London Stage. Palgrave Macmillian, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. U of Minnesota P, 1996.Google Scholar
Archer, Mildred. India and British Portraiture, 1770–1825. Sotheby Parke Bernet, 1979.Google Scholar
Bakhle, Janaki. Two Men and Music: Nationalism in the Making of an Indian Classical Tradition. Oxford UP, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballantyne, Tony. Orientalism and Race: Aryanism in the British Empire. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banerjee, Subhabrata Bobby. “Voices of the Governed: Towards a Theory of the Translocal.” Organization, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2011, pp. 323–44.10.1177/1350508411398729CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barber, Giles. “Book Imports and Exports in the Eighteenth Century.” Sale and Distribution of Books from 1700, edited by Myers, Robin and Harris, Michael, Oxford Polytechnic, 1982, pp. 77–105.Google Scholar
Barber, Giles “Books from the Old World and for the New: The British International Trade in Books in the Eighteenth Century.” Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century, no. 151, 1976, pp. 185–224.Google Scholar
Barns, Margarita. The Indian Press: A History of the Growth of Public Opinion in India. George Allen and Unwin, 1940.Google Scholar
Bauer, Thomas, and Neuwirth, Angelika. Introduction. Ghazal as World Literature I: Transformations of a Literary Genre, edited by Bauer, and Neuwirth, , Ergon Verlag Würburg, 2005, pp. 9–31.Google Scholar
Bayly, C. A. Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870. Cambridge UP, 1996.Google Scholar
Bayly, C. A. Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire. Cambridge UP, 1990.Google Scholar
Blackburn, Stuart. Print, Folklore, and Nationalism in Colonial South India. Permanent Black, 2003.Google Scholar
Bowen, H. V. Elites, Enterprise, and the Making of the British Overseas Empire, 1688–1775. Palgrave Macmillan, 1996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, John. The Sinews of Power: War, Money, and the English State, 1688–1783. Harvard UP, 1988.Google Scholar
Brickell, Katherine, and Datta, Ayona. “Translocal Geographies.” Introduction. Translocal Geographies: Spaces, Places, Connections, edited by Brickell, and Datta, , Ashgate, 2011, pp. 3–22.Google Scholar
Bunyan, John. The Pilgrim's Progress. Vepery, Office of the Mission, 1793.Google Scholar
Candidus, . “I told my friend, in artless lay.” Madras Courier, 28 July 1790.Google Scholar
Candidus, “An Ode on the Introduction of the Cold Weather.” The Calcutta Gazette; or, Oriental Advertiser, 4 Nov. 1784, p. 3.Google Scholar
Candidus, “An Ode: Translated from Anacreon.” The Calcutta Gazette; or, Oriental Advertiser, 18 Nov. 1784, p. 2.Google Scholar
Candidus, “A Song of Amir Khoseru.” The Calcutta Gazette; or, Oriental Advertiser, 16 Dec. 1784, p. 2.Google Scholar
Candidus, “Verses Addressed to a Lady in England.” Madras Courier, 25 Aug. 1791.Google Scholar
Casanova, Pascale. “Literature as a World.” New Left Review, no. 31, Jan.-Feb. 2005, pp. 71–90.Google Scholar
Chandler, David. “‘The Athens of England’: Norwich as a Literary Center in the Late Eighteenth Century.” Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2010, pp. 171–92.Google Scholar
Chatterjee, Amal. Representations of India, 1740–1840: The Creation of India in the Colonial Imagination. St. Martin's Press, 1998.10.1057/9780230378162CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Kuan-Hsing. Asia as Method: Toward Deimperialization. Duke UP, 2010.Google Scholar
Clark, Peter. British Clubs and Societies, 1580–1800. Clarendon Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Clifford, James. Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century. Harvard UP, 1997.Google Scholar
Cohen, Margaret. The Sentimental Education of the Novel. Princeton UP, 1999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohn, Bernard. Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India. Princeton UP, 1996.Google Scholar
Darnton, Robert. Censors at Work: How States Shaped Literature. W. W. Norton, 2014.Google Scholar
Datta, Kitty Scoular. “Publishing and Translating Hafez under Empire.” Books without Borders, edited by Fraser, Robert and Hammond, Mary, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 58–70. Vol. 2 of Perspectives from South Asia.Google Scholar
de Bruijn, J. T. P. “ i. History.” Encyclopaedia Iranica, www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gazal-1-history.Google Scholar
DeWispelare, Daniel. Multilingual Subjects: On Standard English, Its Speakers, and Others in the Long Eighteenth Century. U of Pennsylvania P, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dharwadker, Vinay. “Print Culture and Literary Markets in Colonial India.” Language Machines: Technologies of Literary and Cultural Production, edited by Masten, Jeffrey et al., Routledge, 1997, pp. 108–33.Google Scholar
Doyle, Laura. “Inter-imperiality and Literary Studies in the Longer Durée.” PMLA, Vol. 130, No. 2, Mar. 2015, pp. 336–47.Google Scholar
Duncan, Jonathan. “Part of a Letter from Jonathan Duncan, Resident at Benares, to Earl Cornwallis, Governor-General in Council of Fort William in Bengal, Dated 1 January 1792.” Zastoupil and Moir, pp. 77–80.Google Scholar
Dwyer, John. “Enlightened Spectators and Classical Moralists: Sympathetic Relations in Eighteenth-Century Scotland.” Eighteenth-Century Life, Vol. 15, nos. 1–2, 1991, pp. 96–118.Google Scholar
Dwyer, Rachel, and Patel, Divia. Cinema India: The Visual Culture of Hindi Film. Rutgers UP, 2002.Google Scholar
Eaton, Natasha. Mimesis across Empires: Artworks and Networks in India, 1765–1860. Duke UP, 2013.Google Scholar
Eaton, Natasha “Nostalgia for the Exotic: Creating an Imperial Art in London, 1750–1793.” Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2, Winter 2006, pp. 227–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. “Multiple Modernities.” Multiple Modernities. 2002. Edited by Eisenstadt, Routledge, 2017, pp. 1–29.Google Scholar
Errington, Joseph. Exotic Printing and the Expansion of Europe, 1492–1840: An Exhibit. Lilly Library, Indiana U, 1972.Google Scholar
Foote, Samuel. The Nabob. Dublin, 1778.Google Scholar
Frampton, Kenneth. “Towards a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance.” The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture, edited by Foster, Hal, Bay Press, 1983, pp. 16–30.Google Scholar
Franklin, Michael J. “‘The Hastings Circle’: Writers and Writing in Calcutta in the Last Quarter of the Eighteenth Century.” Authorship, Commerce, and the Public: Scenes of Writing, 1750–1850, edited by Clery, E. J. et al., Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, pp. 186–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franklin, Michael J. Introduction. Hartly House, Calcutta, edited by Franklin, , Oxford UP, 2008, pp. xi-lvii.Google Scholar
Fraser, Robert. Book History through Postcolonial Eyes: Rewriting the Script. Routledge, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, Lisa A. Character's Theater: Genre and Identity on the Eighteenth-Century English Stage. U of Pennsylvania P, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freitag, Ulrike, and Oppen, Achim von. “‘Translocality’: An Approach to Connection and Transfer in Area Studies.” Translocality: The Study of Globalising Processes from a Southern Perspective, edited by Freitag, and Oppen, , Brill, 2010, pp. 1–21. Studies in Global Social History 4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gabbay, A. “Chapter 1: Establishment of Centers of IndoPersian Court Poetry.” Persian Literature from outside Iran: The Indian Subcontinent, Anatolia, Central Asia, and in Judeo-Persian, edited by Perry, John R., I. B. Tauris, 2018, pp. 3–47. Vol. 9 of A History of Persian Literature.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. “Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective.” Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology, Basic Books, 1983, pp. 167–234.Google Scholar
Ghosh, Anindita. “Literary Traditions in Pre-print Bengal and Their Legacy in the Age of Print.” On Modern Indian Sensibilities: Culture, Politics, History, edited by Banerjee-Dube, Ishita and Gooptu, Sarvani, Routledge, 2018, pp. 234–58.Google Scholar
Ghosh, Anindita Power in Print: Popular Publishing and the Politics of Language and Culture in a Colonial Society, 1778–1905. Oxford UP, 2006.Google Scholar
Ghosh, Suresh. The Social Condition of the British Community in Bengal, 1757–1800. Brill, 1970.Google Scholar
Gibson, Mary Ellis. Indian Angles: English Verse in Colonial India from Jones to Tagore. Ohio UP, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greiner, Clemens, and Sakdapolark, Peter. “Translocality: Concepts, Applications, and Emerging Research Perspectives.” Geography Compass, Vol. 7, No. 5, May 2013, pp. 373–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griswold, Wendy. Regionalism and the Reading Class. U of Chicago P, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halhed, Nathaniel Brassey. A Grammar of the Bengal Language. Hoogly, 1778.Google Scholar
Hall, Kenneth R. “The Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century Evolution of Indian Print Culture and Knowledge Networks in Calcutta and Madras.” Print Culture Histories beyond the Metropolis, edited by Connolly, James J. et al., U of Toronto P, 2016, pp. 88–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hannerz, Ulf. Transnational Connections: Culture, People, Places. Routledge, 1996.Google Scholar
Hardt, Michael, and Negri, Antonio. Empire. Harvard UP, 2000.Google Scholar
Harrison, Mark. “Networks of Knowledge: Science and Medicine in Early Colonial India, c. 1750–1820.” India and the British Empire, edited by Peers, Douglas and Gooptu, N., Oxford UP, 2012, pp. 191–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hastings, Warren. “Minute by Warren Hastings, Governor-General of Fort William (Calcutta) in Bengal, Recorded in the Public Department, 17 April 1781.” Zastoupil and Moir, pp. 73–76.Google Scholar
Hebblethwaite, Cordelia. “Mitt Romney's Mormon Roots in Northern England.” BBC News, 13 June 2012, www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18422949.Google Scholar
Hevia, James. Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the McCartney Embassy of 1793. Duke UP, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[Hicky, James Augustus]. “The Printer's Solilqui.” Hicky's Bengal Gazette, 16 Dec. 1780.Google Scholar
Hilton, John. “Speaking Truth to Power: Julian, the Cynics and the Ethiopian Gymnosophists of Heliodorus.” Intellectual and Empire in Greco-Roman Antiquity, edited by Bosman, Philip R., Routledge, 2019, pp. 202–15.Google Scholar
Hofmeyr, Isabel. “The Globe in the Text: Towards a Transnational History of the Book.” African Studies, Vol. 64, No. 1, 2005, pp. 87–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmeyr, Isabel The Portable Bunyan: A Transnational History of The Pilgrim's Progress. Princeton UP, 2004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmeyr, Isabel, et al. “Print Cultures, Nationalisms, and Publics of the Indian Ocean.” Introduction. Africa, Vol. 81, No. 1, 2011, pp. 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoock, Holger. Empires of Imagination: Politics, War, and the Arts in the British World. Profile Books, 2010.Google Scholar
Hsu, Hsuan. “Literature and Regional Production.” American Literary History, Vol. 17, No. 1, Spring 2005, pp. 36–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irwin, Eyles. Bedukah; or, The Self-Devoted: An Indian Pastoral: By the Author of Saint Thomas's Mount. London, 1776.Google Scholar
Irwin, Eyles Continuation of a Review Concerning Kolastri. Circa 1782–87, British Library, London, India Office Records H/328.Google Scholar
Irwin, Eyles “Ode to the Nile.” India Gazette; or, Calcutta Public Advertiser, no. 32, 23 June 1781.Google Scholar
Irwin, Eyles “Prologue, Written for the Opening of the Lyceum at Madras 1782, spoken by Major Maule.” Senate House Library, University of London, MS 704.Google Scholar
Irwin, Eyles “Ramah; or, The Bramin.” Eastern Eclogues: Written during a Tour through Arabia, Egypt, and Other Parts of Asia and Africa in the Year MDCCLXXVII, London, 1780, pp. 19–25.Google Scholar
Irwin, Eyles Report on the Tinevelly Revenue System. 23 Apr. 1783, British Library, London, India Office Records H/258.Google Scholar
Irwin, Eyles Saint Thomas's Mount: A Poem: Written by a Gentleman in India. London, 1774.Google Scholar
Irwin, Eyles “To Mrs. Charlotte Smith, on Her Various Works.” The Gentleman's Magazine, Vol. 64, Nov. 1794, p. 1035.Google Scholar
Irwin, Eyles To William Hayley. 20 Apr. 1784. Fitzwilliam Museum, U of Cambridge, Hayley Letters 9.Google Scholar
Jones, William. A Grammar of the Persian Language. London, 1771.Google Scholar
Joseph, Betty. Reading the East India Company, 1720–1840: Colonial Currencies of Gender. U of Chicago P, 2004.Google Scholar
Joshi, Priya. In Another Country: Colonialism, Culture, and the English Novel in India. Columbia UP, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juncu, Meera. India in the Italian Renaissance: Visions of a Contemporary Pagan World, 1300–1600. Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Kanda, K. C. Urdu Ghazals: An Anthology from Sixteenth to Twentieth Century. Sterling, 1995.Google Scholar
Katz, Daniel. American Modernism's Expatriate Scene: The Labour of Translation. Edinburgh UP, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaul, Suvir. “English Poetry in India: The Early Years.” A History of Indian Poetry in English, edited by Chaudhuri, Rosinka, Cambridge UP, 2016, pp. 32–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaviraj, Sudipta. “An Outline of a Revisionist Theory of Modernity.” European Journal of Sociology / Archives européennes de sociologie, Vol. 46, No. 3, 2005, pp. 497–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kesavan, B. S. South Indian Origins of Printing. National Book Trust, 1984. Vol. 1 of History of Printing and Publishing in India: A Story of Cultural Re-awakening.Google Scholar
Keymer, Thomas. Sterne, the Moderns, and the Novel. Oxford UP, 2002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, M. Siddiq. “The Early Bengali Printed Books.” Gutenberg-Jahrbuch, 1966, pp. 200–08.Google Scholar
Knowles, Claire. Sensibility and the Female Poetic Tradition, 1780–1860: The Legacy of Charlotte Smith. Ashgate, 2009.Google Scholar
Kopf, David. British Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization, 1773–1835. U of California P, 1969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraidy, Marwan M., and Murphy, Patrick D. “Shifting Geertz: Toward a Theory of Translocalism in Global Communication Studies.” Communication Theory, Vol. 18, 2008, pp. 335–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, Caroline. “From Nation to Network.” Victorian Studies, Vol. 55, No. 4, Summer 2013, pp. 647–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Limón, José E. “Borders, Literary Histories, Globalization, and Critical Regionalism.” American Literary History, Vol. 20, 2008, pp. 160–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Little, Nigel. Transoceanic Radical, William Duane: National Identity and Empire, 1760–1835. Pickering and Chatto, 2008.Google Scholar
Lockyer, Dora. “The Provision of Books and Libraries by the East India Company in India, 1611–1858.” 1977. Library Association Fellow thesis, British Library, London, Mss Eur Photo Eur 153.Google Scholar
Losensky, Paul E. “Linguistic and Rhetorical Aspects of the Signature Verse (Takhallus) in the Persian Ghazal.” Edebiyât: Journal of Middle Eastern Literature, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 1998, pp. 239–71.Google Scholar
Love, H. D. Vestiges of Old Madras, 1600–1800. Vol. 3. John Murray, 1913.Google Scholar
Lowenthal, Cynthia. Performing Identities on the Restoration Stage. Southern Illinois UP, 2003.Google Scholar
Mandaville, Peter G. “Territory and Translocality: Discrepant Idioms of Political Identity.” Millennium: A Journal of International Studies, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1999, pp. 653–73.Google Scholar
Marshall, P. J. Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India, 1740–1828. Cambridge UP, 1987.Google Scholar
Marshall, P. J. The Making and Unmaking of Empires: Britain, India, and America, c. 1750–1783. Oxford UP, 2008.Google Scholar
Marshall, P. J. “Warren Hastings as Scholar and Patron.” Statesmen, Scholars, and Merchants: Essays in Eighteenth-Century History Presented to Dame Lucy Sutherland, edited by Whiteman, Anne et al., Clarendon Press, 1973, pp. 242–62.Google Scholar
Marshall, P. J. “The Whites of British India, 1780–1830: A Failed Colonial Society?” The International History Review, Vol. 12, No. 1, Feb. 1990, pp. 26–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massey, Doreen. Power-Geometries and the Politics of Space-Time: Hettner Lecture 1998. Dept. of Geography, U of Heidelberg, 1999.Google Scholar
Massey, Doreen Space, Place, and Gender. U of Minnesota P, 1994.Google Scholar
McFarlane, Colin. “Translocal Assemblages: Space, Power, and Social Movements.” Geoforum, Vol. 40, No. 44, 2009, pp. 561–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mee, John. Conversable Worlds: Literature, Contention, and Community, 1762 to 1830. Oxford UP, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Memoirs of Eyles Irwin, Esq.” European Magazine, no. 15, Mar. 1789, pp. 179–81.Google Scholar
Metcalf, Thomas R. Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860–1920. U of California P, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Metropolitical, Adj.” Oxford English Dictionary, www.oed.com/view/Entry/117714?redirectedFrom=metropolitical#eid.Google Scholar
Misra, B. B. The Bureaucracy in India: An Historical Analysis of Development up to 1947. Oxford UP, 1977.Google Scholar
Moore-Gilbert, Bart, editor. Writing India, 1757–1990: The Literature of British India. Manchester UP, 1996.Google Scholar
“Necessary Expense of Fitting Out a Lad for the East Indias.” Circa 1780s, British Library, London, Add MS 35918, folio 222.Google Scholar
Nechtman, Tillman W. Nabobs: Empire and Identity in Eighteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge UP, 2010.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Felicity. Torrid Zones: Maternity, Sexuality, and Empire in Eighteenth-Century English Narratives. Johns Hopkins UP, 1995.Google Scholar
Ogborn, Miles. Indian Ink: Script and Print in the Making of the English East India Company. U of Chicago P, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orsini, Francesca. “The Multilingual Local in World Literature.” Comparative Literature, Vol. 67, No. 4, 2015, pp. 345–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orsini, Francesca, et al. “Multilingual Locales and Textual Circulation.” Introduction. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, Vol. 39, No. 1, May 2019, pp. 63–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, Sheldon. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. U of California P, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollock, Sheldon “The Sanskrit Cosmopolis, A.D. 300–1300: Transculturation, Vernacularization, and the Question of Ideology.” The Ideology and Status of Sanskrit in South and Southeast Asia, edited by Houben, J. E. M., Brill, 1996, pp. 197–247.Google Scholar
Potter, S. J. News and the British World: The Emergence of an Imperial Press System, 1876–1922. Clarendon Press, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, Douglas Reichert. Critical Regionalism: Connecting Politics and Culture in the American Landscape. U of North Carolina P, 2007.Google Scholar
Prior, D. L. “Irwin, Eyles (Bap. 1751, D. 1817).” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford UP, 2020, doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/14477.Google Scholar
“Proclamation.” The Calcutta Gazette; or, Oriental Advertiser, 24 Feb. 1785, p. 2.Google Scholar
Qayyum, Mohammad Abdul. A Critical Study of Early Bengali Grammars. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 1982.Google Scholar
Raj, Kapil. “Refashioning Civilities, Engineering Trust: William Jones, Indian Intermediaries, and the Production of Reliable Legal Knowledge in Late-Eighteenth-Century Bengal.” Studies in History, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2001, pp. 175–209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raj, Kapil Relocating Modern Science: Circulation and the Construction of Knowledge in South Asia and Europe, 1650–1900. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raman, Bhavani. Document Raj: Writing and Scribes in Early Colonial South India. U of Chicago P, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramazani, Jahan. “The Local Poem in a Global Age.” Critical Inquiry, Vol. 43, No. 3, Spring 2017, pp. 670–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramazani, Jahan A Transnational Poetics. U of Chicago P, 2009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raposo, Pedro M. P., et al. “Moving Localities and Creative Circulation: Travels as Knowledge Production in Eighteenth-Century Europe.” Centaurus, Vol. 56, 2014, pp. 167–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Restrictions on the Press in India.” 1791–1820, British Library, London, India Office Records H/537.Google Scholar
Rezek, Joseph. London and the Making of Provincial Literature: Aesthetics and the Transatlantic Book Trade, 1800–1850. U of Pennsylvania P, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, Dennis. The Spread of Printing: The Eastern Hemisphere: India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand. Van Gendt, 1969.Google Scholar
Richards, John F. The Mughal Empire. Cambridge UP, 1993.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rocher, Rosane. Orientalism, Poetry, and the Millennium: The Checkered Life of Nathaniel Brassey Halhed, 1751–1830. Motilal Banarsidass, 1983.Google Scholar
Rocher, Rosane “Weaving Knowledge: Sir William Jones and the Indian Pandits.” Objects of Inquiry: The Life, Contribution, and Influences of Sir William Jones, 1746–1794, edited by Cannon, Garland and Brine, Kevin R., New York UP, 1994, pp. 51–91.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Dulcinea Correa. Bombay Fort in the Eighteenth Century. Himalaya Publishing House, 1994.Google Scholar
Romney, James. “Mr. Editor.” Circa 1790s, British Library, London, MSS Eur F198/3/2, folio 9–13.Google Scholar
Romney, James “My Dear Sir.” 10 July 1802. British Library, London, Mss Eur F198/3/6.Google Scholar
Romney, James “Pages from a Five Act Play (Includes All of Acts 3 and 5, Part of Acts 2 and 4).” Circa 1780s-1790s, British Library, London, MSS Eur F198/4/29.Google Scholar
Romney, James The Pavilion: A Comedy in Five Acts. Circa 1780s-1790s, British Library, London, MSS Eur F198/4/31.Google Scholar
Romney, James “Sager! Gymnosophisto! what are your names.” Circa 1770s-1790s, British Library, London, MSS Eur F198/5/3.Google Scholar
Romney, James “To Mrs. Town.” 19 Nov. 1793. British Library, London, MSS Eur F198/3/3.Google Scholar
Romney, James “To the Editor of the Bombay Gazzett.” Circa 1790s, British Library, London, MSS Eur F198/3/2, folios 14–15.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Laura J. Playwrights and Plagiarists in Early Modern England: Gender, Authorship, Literary Property. Cornell UP, 1996.Google Scholar
Ross, Fiona G. E. The Printed Bengali Character and Its Evolution. Curzon Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Schimmel, A. “Amīr Kosrow Dehlavī.” Encyclopaedia Iranica, www.iranicaonline.org/articles/amir-kosrow-poet.Google Scholar
Schürer, Norbert. “The Impartial Spectator of Sati, 1757–1784.” Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2008, pp. 19–44.Google Scholar
Secord, James. “Knowledge in Transit.” Isis, Vol. 95, No. 4, Dec. 2004, pp. 654–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sen, Sudipta. Distant Sovereignty: National Imperialism and the Origins of British India. Routledge, 2002.Google Scholar
Senex, . “The Monitor.” India Gazette; or, Calcutta Public Advertiser, no. 5, 16 Dec. 1780.Google Scholar
Sharma, Arvind, et al. Sati: Historical and Phenomenological Essays. Motilal Banarsidass, 1988.Google Scholar
Sharma, Sunil. Amir Khusraw: The Poet of Sultans and Sufis. Oneworld, 2005.Google Scholar
Shaw, Graham. “The British Book in India.” The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Vol. 5 (1695–1830), edited by Suarez, Michael F. and Turner, Michael L., Cambridge UP, 1998, pp. 560–75.Google Scholar
Shaw, Graham “From Goa to the Gutenberg Award: The Story of Indian Typography.” Typo: Typografie, grafický design, vizuální komunikace / Typography, Graphic Design, Visual Communication, Vol. 49z, Autumn 2012, pp. 8–15.Google Scholar
Shaw, Graham “India.” Ambition and Industry, 1800–1880, edited by Bell, Bill, Edinburgh UP, 2007, pp. 456–64. Vol. 3 of The Edinburgh History of the Book in Scotland.Google Scholar
Shaw, Graham Printing in Calcutta to 1800: A Description and Checklist of Printing in Late Eighteenth-Century Calcutta. Bibliographical Society, 1981.Google Scholar
Shaw, Graham The South Asia and Burma Retrospective Bibliography (SABREB). Stage 1 (1556–1800), British Library, 1987.Google Scholar
Sinha, Mrinalini. “Britishness, Clubbability, and the Colonial Public Sphere: The Genealogy of an Imperial Institution in Colonial India.” Journal of British Studies, Vol. 40, No. 4, 2001, pp. 489–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, Michael Peter. “Power in Place / Places of Power: Contextualizing Transnational Research.” City and Society, Vol. 17, No. 1, 2005, pp. 5–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spear, Percival. The Nabobs: A Study of the Social Life of the English in Eighteenth-Century India. Oxford UP, 1963.Google Scholar
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. Other Asias. Blackwell Publishing, 2008.Google Scholar
Steadman, J. M. “The Asiatick Society of Bengal.” Eighteenth-Century Studies, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1977, pp. 464–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, Philip J. The Company-State: Corporate Sovereignty and the Early Modern Foundations of the British Empire in India. Oxford UP, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterne, Laurence. The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman. 1761–67. Edited by Ross, Ian Campbell, Oxford UP, 1983.Google Scholar
Stoler, Ann Laura, and Cooper, Frederick. “Between Metropole and Colony: Rethinking a Research Agenda.” Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, edited by Cooper, and Stoler, , U of California P, 1997, pp. 1–56.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. “Connected Histories: Notes toward a Reconfiguration of Early Modern Eurasia.” Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3, 1997, pp. 735–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teltscher, Kate. India Inscribed: European and British Writing on India, 1600–1800. Oxford UP, 1995.Google Scholar
Truschke, Audrey. Culture of Encounters: Sanskrit at the Mughal Court. Columbia UP, 2016.Google Scholar
Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton UP, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viswanathan, Gauri. Masks of Conquest: Literary Study and British Rule in India. Columbia UP, 1989.Google Scholar
Warner, Michael. Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century America. Harvard UP, 1990.Google Scholar
White, Daniel E. From Little London to Little Bengal: Religion, Print, and Modernity in Early British India, 1793–1835. Johns Hopkins UP, 2013.Google Scholar
Wilson, Kathleen. The Sense of the People: Politics, Culture, and Imperialism in England, 1715–1785. Cambridge UP, 1995.Google Scholar
Zastoupil, Lynn, and Moir, Martin, editors. The Great Indian Education Debate: Documents Relating to the Orientalist-Anglicist Controversy, 1781–1843. Curzon, 1999.Google Scholar