I.—Guernsey: Its People and Dialect

Edwin Seelye Lewis

doi:10.2307/456211

^{page 7 note 1} Further differences in the linguistic results of the Upper and the Lower Parishes are noted in the course of this dissertation.

^{page 9 note 1} I wish to state here that through unavoidable circumstances the publication of this dissertation has been delayed more than a year, during which time no alterations have been made in the subject-matter.

^{page 12 note 1} Only those works are mentioned which have had a positive influence in the preparation of this dissertation. It has not been thought best to include, in this list, works that deal with the Old Norman dialect, as they are all well known.

^{page 13 note 1} The works mentioned in this section relate mainly to the dialects of Western Normandy, near Guernsey.

^{page 15 note 1} In this section no mention is made of the works that deal with the archæology or with the laws of Guernsey.

^{page 17 note 1} Joret, Mélanges, p. 12; Fleury, Hague, pp. 31, 32; Joret, Bessin, p. 220.

^{page 17 note 2} Mélanges, p. 12.

^{page 17 note 3} Aelt. frz. Mund., p. 101.

^{page 17 note 4} Eggert, Norm. Mund., p. 374.

^{page 17 note 5} Cf. Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 214, § 226, and Joret, Mélanges, p. 16.

^{page 17 note 6} Suchier, Reimpredigt, p. xviii, 17.

^{page 17 note 7} Joret, Mélanges, p. 12.

^{page 18 note 1} Eggert, Norm. Mund., pp. 373-4; this development is similar to that of (k+) a into je, § 4.

^{page 18 note 2} Suchier, Français et Provençal, p. 54.

^{page 18 note 3} Fleury, Hague, p. 33.

^{page 18 note 4} Romdahl, Saire, p. 11.

^{page 18 note 5} Joret, Bessin, p. 220, 1°, β.

^{page 19 note 1} Suchier, Franç., pp. 43 and 54.

^{page 19 note 2} For a series αⁿi, > aⁿi etc., cf. Schwan, Gram. (2nd ed.), § 304, Schwan's œ corresponding to α as used in this dissertation.

^{page 19 note 3} Joret, Bessin, p. 220, 1°, β.

^{page 19 note 4} Fleury, Hague, p. 33.

^{page 19 note 5} The same result je is noted in kueffier (eouêffier): O. H. G. kupphja and in pΛjef (pllèche): plateam.

^{page 19 note 6} e is found in eger (éguère): Frankish waron and in eger (étchelle): scalam.

^{page 20 note 1} Suchier, Franç., p. 30.

^{page 20 note 2} Id., p. 51.

^{page 20 note 3} Suchier, Reimp., p. xvi, 1; Görlich, Mak., p. xliii; Suchier, St. Auban, p. 2, and Busch, Ang.-Norm., p. 66. sole and pane (§ 9) may represent the Anglo-Norman reduction of ie to e, while the French retains the diphthong (soulier, panier).

^{page 20 note 4} Fleury, Hague, pp. 32, 33.

^{page 20 note 5} Joret, Bessin, p. 220, 1°, γ.

^{page 20 note 6} Fleury, Hague, pp. 32, 33.

^{page 20 note 7} A result similar to the one mentioned by Schwan in his Gram., § 86.

^{page 20 note 8} A like reduction is seen in ameti (amêti): amicitatem and piti (piti) pietatem.

^{page 20 note 9} V. § 4, 2.

^{page 21 note 1} Norm. Mund., pp. 375-6.

^{page 21 note 2} Busch, Ang.-Norm., p. 65.

^{page 21 note 3} Joret, Bessin, p. 220, 1°, γ.

^{page 21 note 4} Fleury, Hague, pp. 32, 33.

^{page 21 note 5} This same diphthong is the result of a’+ mouillé cons., as in batai (bataille): bataliam, etc. The form faif (faïsshe): faciam should be noted, and also pljaift (pllaïgnent): plangunt, with krain (craïgnent): tremunt.

^{page 21 note 6} CADET gives also the form kie or kge (quïet).

^{page 21 note 7} Suchier, Franç., p. 43.

^{page 22 note 1} V. § 3.

^{page 22 note 2} V. § 37, 2.

^{page 22 note 3} V. Franç., p. 27.

^{page 22 note 4} Cf. this phenomenon with the change of intervocalic λ into l, § 153, 1, and of intervocalic ñ into n, § 166. The reduction of the diphthong ie is an Anglo-Norman characteristic, cf. § 4, p. 20, note 3.

^{page 23 note 1} Cf. fráise, bráise in Fleury, Hague, p. 16.

^{page 23 note 2} V. Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 235, § 257; cf. also Suchier, Franç., p. 43, and Paris, Alexis, pp. 38 and 73. The k may have had some influence on the preceding a' in mark (merque): Germ, mark; it is well, however, in this connection, to remember the frequent interchange of a and e before r.

^{page 24 note 1} e +l (or r) + voc. does not always become e: it may remain e; e, however, gives e only when followed by l or r.

^{page 24 note 2} desper (désesper) and mssper (m'sesper) are also heard. Although of no consequence, it might be observed that some Guernsey writers spell all the examples given above with ai, instead of ei.

^{page 24 note 3} These include the three persons of the singular, and the third person plural.

^{page 25 note 1} Cf. Eggert, Norm. Mund., p. 378: “In den Patois des Westens hat sich ei zum Theil noch erhalten; “he then cites the examples given above, and indicates them as coming from Guernsey.

^{page 25 note 2} These writers especially are mentioned, since they have no orthographical traditions to follow, a statement that probably would not be true of authors on the continent.

^{page 25 note 3} V. § 20.

^{page 25 note 4} V. § 21.

^{page 25 note 5} Suchier, Franç., pp. 29 and 50.

^{page 25 note 6} Idem, p. 53.

^{page 25 note 7} Idem., pp. 50 and 82, 83.

^{page 25 note 8} Suchier, Reimp, p. xvii, 4; also Suchier, St. Auban, p. 3.

^{page 25 note 9} Eggert, Norm. Mund., p. 378; Joret, Ext., pp. 109, 110; Joret, Bessin, p. 222, 1°; Fleury, Hague, p. 34.

^{page 25 note 10} Cf. this diphthong a'e with a'v in Guernsey from e’+ nasal (§ 17 1) and e” + k (§ 81).

^{page 26 note 1} PERCIPUNT > apcerf (apeurchent), showing a like product.

^{page 27 note 1} Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 96, § 72.

^{page 27 note 2} Idem, p. 100 ff.

^{page 27 note 3} Idem, p. 99, § 74.

^{page 27 note 4} Notice purki (pourqui): quid.

^{page 27 note 5} Cf. Schwan, Gram., § 85.

^{page 27 note 6} V. § 2, 1.

^{page 27 note 7} V. § 1, 2.

^{page 28 note 1} V. § 81.

^{page 28 note 2} V. § 85.

^{page 28 note 3} V. § 89.

^{page 28 note 4} V. § 3, 1.

^{page 28 note 5} Gram., § 86, Anm.

^{page 28 note 6} Norm. Mund., p. 380.

^{page 28 note 7} Cf. Suchier, Franç., p. 50, § 19.

^{page 29 note 1} V. § 17, 1.

^{page 29 note 2} V. § 12.

^{page 29 note 3} Of. also bir(bire): M. H. G. bier.

^{page 30 note 1} V. § 30, 1, and also the terminations -arium, -ariam, § 9.

^{page 30 note 2} Suchier, Franç., p. 55.

^{page 30 note 3} Fleury, Hague, p. 35.

^{page 30 note 4} Joret, Bessin, p. 222, 2°.

^{page 30 note 5} V. § 30, 1, γ.

^{page 30 note 6} V. § 9.

^{page 30 note 7} Suchier, Reimp., p. xvi, 1; Görlich, Mak., p. xliii, and Busch, Ang.-Norm., pp. 33, 34. V., however, § 4, p. 20, note 3.

^{page 30 note 8} V. § 89; compare these forms with words such as primer, Alisandre found in Anglo-Norman texts (Görlich, Mak., p. xlv).

^{page 30 note 9} V. § 32.

^{page 31 note 1} Cf. §§ 30 and 31.

^{page 31 note 2} Suchier, Franç., p. 30.

^{page 31 note 3} Norm. Mund., pp. 371, 372.

^{page 31 note 4} Mélanges, pp. xxiv, xxv and 55-57; cf. also Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 161, § 159.

^{page 31 note 5} vúens and túene in the Hague; v. Fleury, Hague, p. 35.

^{page 31 note 6} Fleury, Hague, p. 35.

^{page 31 note 7} I have occasionally heard the pronunciation bjⁿ or bin.

^{page 31 note 8} The feminine of mjaⁿ and tjaⁿ is mja:n (mienne) and tja:n (tienne)

^{page 31 note 9} V. Saire, pp. 10 ff.

^{page 32 note 1} Cf. Joret, Mélanges, p. xvi.

^{page 32 note 2} V. § 20.

^{page 32 note 3} Would it be better to state that’ remains? Or does’ first become e, which afterwards returns to the open pronunciation?

^{page 32 note 4} Heard in the expression ifbl (i’ fait bel), for the French “il fait beau.”

^{page 32 note 5} Cf. § 119 and note.

^{page 32 note 6} The plural año is only an apparent exception, since it represents añjo, in which the j has been absorbed by the preceding ñ.

^{page 33 note 1} V. § 27, 1.

^{page 33 note 2} Cf. pjo (piau): pellem.

^{page 33 note 3} Cf. biotai (biautaï).

^{page 33 note 4} Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, pp. 163-164.

^{page 33 note 5} Suchier, Franç., p. 43; Schwan, Gram., §§ 231 and 329.

^{page 33 note 6} Suchier, Franç., p. 51.

^{page 33 note 7} Suchier, Franç., p. 53, where, however, the e is said to be retained, in the pronunciation of such words as beau, until the 17th century.

^{page 33 note 8} Ext., pp. 110-112; cf. Joret, Bessin, p. 222, 3°; Fleury, Hague, p. 35, and Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 164, § 163.

^{page 33 note 9} Görlich, Mak., pp. xv, xvi.

^{page 34 note 1} Cf. Uhlemann, La Conception und St. Nicholas, p. 76, § 37, 1.

^{page 34 note 2} Cf. Suchier, Reimp., p. 71: “Zu diesen Worten “(words with en) “ kommt exemplum, welches im Normannischen stets a hat; “also Görlich, Mak., p. xvi, 26, and Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 110, § 90.

^{page 34 note 3} For convenience sake, some examples are given under this heading, which do not strictly belong here.

^{page 34 note 4} Or nif.

^{page 34 note 5} Or rmid, or even rmied.

^{page 35 note 1} V. Schwan, Gram., §§ 91, 2 and 92.

^{page 35 note 2} The pronunciation ljt is frequently heard all over the island; the plural is li: (lits). tectum cannot help us here, as it has not given anything in Guernsey.

^{page 35 note 3} Cf. the feminine viel (vielle): veculam; under the influence of the r, from final kl (v. § 154, 2), we have the pronunciation vir (vier) in the masculine.

^{page 35 note 4} Eggert, Norm. Mund., p. 380; also Joret, Bessin, p. 223.

^{page 35 note 5} Cf. Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 62.

^{page 36 note 1} Métivier and Corbet both agree in representing this e'i by ì.

^{page 36 note 2} Cf. Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 68, where mention is made of a Norman form abieme.

^{page 36 note 3} Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, pp. 62, 63.

^{page 36 note 4} Joret, Bessin, p. 223.

^{page 36 note 5} Romdahl, Saire, glossary; Eggert, Norm. Mund., p. 382.

^{page 36 note 6} Gm. Rom., I, p. 67.

^{page 36 note 7} Cf. Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 66, § 40.

^{page 36 note 8} In kmz and kmzol, i is not strictly final, nor even tonic in the latter example, but it is, however, at the end of a syllable.

^{page 37 note 1} Mention should be made here of mainti' (mainti): medietatem, noticed in § 89.

^{page 37 note 2} Joret, Bessin, p. 223.

^{page 37 note 3} Fleury, Hague, p. 36.

^{page 37 note 4} Schwan, Gram., §§ 77, 78; Suchier, Franç., p. 29; Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, pp. 227, 228.

^{page 37 note 5} Suchier, Franç., p. 54; Schwan, Gram., §§ 302 and 304.

^{page 37 note 6} Schwan, Gram., § 303.

^{page 38 note 1} V. § 37, 4.

^{page 38 note 2} Joret, Bessin, p. 222, 2°; cf. the examples vieⁿyne and tieⁿyne found in Fleury, Hague, p. 35.

^{page 38 note 3} Suchier, Franç., p. 54; also Schwan, Gram., §§ 96 and 299.

^{page 38 note 4} Fleury, Hague, p. 36.

^{page 38 note 5} Joret, Bessin, p. 223, 1°.

^{page 38 note 6} V., in the Alexis, Eufemien: -ier, 64, and Eufemien: cristiens: -ier, 68, where the en must have a distinct e-sound. Cf. also Suchier, Reimp., p. xviii, 16; Görlich, Mak., p. xvii, 33, and p. xliii.

^{page 39 note 1} Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, pp. 110, 111; Suchier, Franç., p. 81.

^{page 39 note 2} Suchier, Reimp., pp. 69-71; Görlich, Mak., pp. xvi, 26, and xliv; Paris, Alexis, pp. 36, 37 and 82, 83; Koschwitz, Karls Reise, pp. xxvi-xxviii; Grautier, Roland, p. 416; Busch, Ang.-Norm., pp. 12-14. Cf. Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 227, § 245, for the Anglo-Norman aun, a result not found in Guernsey.

^{page 39 note 3} Suchier, Franç., p. 81.

^{page 39 note 4} Romdahl, Saire, pp. 11, 12.

^{page 39 note 5} Cf. Eggert, Norm. Mund., p. 381.

^{page 39 note 6} V. § 29, 2.

^{page 39 note 7} Cf. a similar change in the word süfjai (suffllaïr): sibilare, § 92, 2.

^{page 40 note 1} In two words, where the French has œ, the Guernsey patois has ü: bljü, (bllû): Germ, blaw and the plural mesjü (mêssiûx): seniores.

^{page 40 note 2} u’ is heard in the Lower Parishes, whereas ua' is the pronunciation of the Upper Parishes.

^{page 40 note 3} Cf. also kau (caoup): colaphum.

^{page 40 note 4} Cf. also kvaœ' (k'vaeu): capillum. The a of a'œ, in all the above examples, is not very broad, and is sometimes pronounced almost (='œ).

^{page 40 note 5} For a discussion of o, v. Meyer-Lübke, Gham. Rorn., I, pp. 132-137.

^{page 41 note 1} A stage observed in soum (soumme): summum, § 48.

^{page 41 note 2} This result is seen with o’ in closed syllable in drul (droule): Germ. droll-, § 43, δ.

^{page 41 note 3} This pronunciation is sometimes heard in saum or sam (saomme) instead of soum of note 1.

^{page 41 note 4} Suchier, Franç., p. 85.

^{page 41 note 5} Busch, Ang.-Norm., p. 23, II.

^{page 41 note 6} Cf. Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 133, § 121.

^{page 41 note 7} Joret, Bessin, p. 224.

^{page 41 note 8} Fleury, Hague, p. 37.

^{page 42 note 1} For a similar development, cf. o’+ k + cons., § 44, and o^// + k + voc., § 94.

^{page 42 note 2} A like result is gotten from the termination -oriam, § 46.

^{page 42 note 3} Schwan, Gram., § 284.

^{page 42 note 4} Beside § 40, 1, and note 2 and § 45, v., for au, §§ 71 and 72; also the result üe” from a“u, §§ 114 and 116.

^{page 42 note 5} Suchier, Franç., p. 50; Schwan, Gram., § 285, 3.

^{page 42 note 6} Suchier, Franç., p. 82.

^{page 42 note 7} Eclaircissement de la langue française, p. 7, V.

^{page 42 note 8} V. § 48; cf. also drul (droule), § 43, δ.

^{page 43 note 1} Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, pp. 140, 141.

^{page 43 note 2} Fleury, Hague, p. 37.

^{page 43 note 3} Joret, Bessin, p. 224, 1°, a.

^{page 43 note 4} I have heard Mr. Guilbert (v. Introduction) pronounce this word burdaⁿⁿ (or perhaps simply burdaⁿ).

^{page 43 note 5} Schwan, Gram., §§ 100, 1, and 133.

^{page 43 note 6} Joret, Bessin, p. 224, 1°, a.

^{page 43 note 7} Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 140.

^{page 43 note 8} Busch, Ang.-Norm., pp. 24, 25.

^{page 43 note 9} V. § 39.

^{page 43 note 10} Notice the peculiar form fuidr (fouîdre): fulgur.

^{page 43 note 11} Cf. ivëruañ (iverouagne): ebronium, karuañ (carouagne): caroniam, and also tuar (touar) and detuar (détouar): tornum.

^{page 43 note l2} To this list belong the words with the -orium termination (>œ), § 47, 1. Cf. also nœf (neuches): novtias and rprœf (r'preuche): reprobicare.

^{page 44 note 1} V. § 40, 1, where the development into ua'i is explained. The plural is nua: (genoua). Cf. the word bëruais (berouaïsse): Celtic BUXON.

^{page 44 note 2} Cf. -oriam, § 46, and -orium, § 47, 2.

^{page 44 note 3} V. § 40, 1.

^{page 44 note 4} Notice rge (orgué'): Germ. urgoli.

^{page 44 note 5} The two endings -ωriam and -oriam are treated together because their results are identical; in French proper, these examples are learned (v. Schwan, Gram., § 260, 2, Anm. 2); cf. the -orium termination, § 47.

^{page 44 note 6} V. § 40, 1.

^{page 44 note 7} Cf. also (St. Maglière), the name of one of the oldest churches in Guernsey.

^{page 44 note 8} V. § 39, 1, a.

^{page 44 note 9} V. § 159.

^{page 44 note 10} Körting, Wort, No. 5329.

^{page 44 note 11} Körting, Wört, No. 5445.

^{page 45 note 1} V. §§ 45 and 46.

^{page 45 note 2} This word is sometimes pronounced saom (saomme), and also sum (soumme); cf. also § 39, p. 41, note 3.

^{page 45 note 3} V. § 39, 2, also Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 135.

^{page 45 note 4} V. § 40, 1.

^{page 45 note 5} This list of examples includes all words in which the n has been affected by either a preceding or a following j.

^{page 46 note 1} Cf. bëzuⁿ (besouain): sonium; this word, and also temuaⁿ (témouain), are sometimes pronounced bëzua (besouen), temuaⁿ (témouen). In all the above examples, some Guernsey people pronounce -uⁿ, instead of -ua'ⁿ.

^{page 46 note 2} Strictly, this word should come under'; cf. also (jannesse).

^{page 46 note 3} I have also heard this word pronounced with a very low a, somewhat rounded.

^{page 46 note 4} Schwan, Gram., §§ 159 and 170.

^{page 46 note 5} Cf. rprœf (r'preuche): repropiare.

^{page 46 note 6} ru: (roue) is also used in Guernsey. Cf. also tœrdr (teurdre): torquere.

^{page 47 note 1} V. § 58.

^{page 48 note 1} V. § 53, l and 2.

^{page 48 note 2} This product is noted also in fiel (fielle): foliam, iel (ieil): ocdlum.

^{page 48 note 3} We also have tfies (tschiesse).

^{page 48 note 4} V. § 46.

^{page 48 note 5} V. § 58, note 2.

^{page 48 note 6} Cf. also aⁿni (enni): INODIARE and kild (cuille): colligere. Note apref (apprèche): appropiat and pares (paresse): parochiam.

^{page 48 note 7} V. § 60, 1, note 6. Cf. bri (brit): Germ, bro, fir (fire) and aⁿfir (enfire): fugire, pis (piss): puteum. We also have pi (pis), daⁿpi (denpis), dpi (d'pîs), pisk (pisque), all from post.

^{page 49 note 1} Eggert, Norm. Mund., pp. 369-371; Joret, Mélanges, pp. 51-54; Joret, Extraits, pp. 154-158; Meyer-Lübke, Oram. Rom., I, pp. 185-187.

^{page 49 note 2} V. §§ 108 and 111.

^{page 49 note 3} Cf. Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 204, § 220.

^{page 49 note 4} Cf. this result with that of o' (+ nasal), §§ 41, 1, and 48, and with that of o” (+ nasal), §§ 95, 1, and 100; also §§ 106, 1, and 123.

^{page 49 note 5} Suchier, Franç., p. 50.

^{page 49 note 6} Eggert, Norm. Mund., p. 369; also Fleury, Hague, p. 37.

^{page 50 note 1} Also bür (burre): butirum.

^{page 50 note 2} Cf. purvekë (pourvê que). In these examples must also be included jœ (ieû): habere.

^{page 50 note 3} Cf. serœr (séreure), given above.

^{page 50 note 4} Flenry, Hague, pp. 40 ff.

^{page 50 note 5} Gram. Rom., I, pp. 73, 74, § 48.

^{page 50 note 6} Cf. § 60, 2.

^{page 51 note 1} Cf. also frœm (freume), present indicative of frümai (frumaïr): fikmare. Cf. roⁿkœn (rànqueune): rancoriam.

^{page 51 note 2} Gram. Rom., I, p. 80, § 57.

^{page 51 note 3} Norm. Mund., p. 365.

^{page 52 note 1} V. § 60, 2.

^{page 52 note 2} For o > u, v. § 39, 1, β. Notice also the two forms kljau (cllaou): clavum and fum (choume): cauma.

^{page 52 note 3} Görlich, Mak., p. xxi, 54.

^{page 52 note 4} Suchier, Franç., p. 53.

^{page 52 note 5} V. § 40, 1.

^{page 53 note 1} V. Körting, Wört, No. 688.

^{page 54 note 1} Cf. ekërbo (ékerbot): scarabaeum, and the future and conditional of aver (aveir): habere [ere (érai), etc.]; also pljefie (plléchier): plateam.

^{page 54 note 2} Notice, however, kastañe (castagnier): castaneam, and cf. etrañe (étragnier): steingebe.

^{page 54 note 3} Gautier, Roland, line 3877. For the change of x (= ks) into sk, v. Schwan, Gram., § 218, 2, Anm. 2.

^{page 55 note 1} E, also, falls in rpar (r'pare) and rparai (r'paraïr): reparare, rzudr (r'soudre): resolvere, rüsir (russir): re + kxire, spültür (s'pulture): sepulturam, nral (gen'ral) and nralmaⁿ (gen'ralement): generalem; ī drops in dlü (d'luge): diluvium.

^{page 56 note 1} Cf. prümie (prumier): primarium, also frümai (frumaïr): eirmare and its compounds.

^{page 56 note 2} Cf. paisⁿ (païsson): piscionem, § 85.

^{page 56 note 3} For this result ue,”, cf. § 14, 5 and 6.

^{page 56 note 4} Corresponding to Modern French croyez.

^{page 56 note 5} e” disappears in fra:i' (effraïr): efpridare.

^{page 57 note 1} Cf. laizir (laïsir), § 81, and mainti (maïnti), § 89. Notice also vaizⁿ(vaisin): vicinum.

^{page 57 note 2} Cf. also lifⁿ (lichon): LECTIONEM.

^{page 58 note 1} Cf. also batilie (batilier): Anglo-Saxon bat, gëruezilie (gueruaîsilier): Germ, krauusel, filie (chilier): cellarium.

^{page 58 note 2} Cf. also rbije (herbigier): Germ. heribërc and niai (niaïr): necare.

^{page 58 note 3} V. § 30, 1, a, and cf. aⁿpie'rie' (empièrier): pejorem.

^{page 58 note 4} A related development is seen in preⁿsœ (prìnseux): pressare, where e has been nasalized as the i in ifⁿ (ichìn), § 35, 2.

^{page 58 note 5} V. § 81.

^{page 58 note 6} V. § 85 and note 1.

^{page 58 note 7} Cf. the development of tonic e, § 14, 3 and 4.

^{page 59 note 1} Cf. ⁿgül (àngûle): anguiilam, § 38.

^{page 59 note 2} Körting, Wört., No. 7442.

^{page 59 note 3} Cf. the fall of e”, § 80. Notice also eaptain (cap'taïne): capitaneum, and the proper names gljom or gjom (G'llaume) and orñi (Aur'gni).

^{page 59 note 4} Cf. also ulai (houlaïr): ululare.

^{page 59 note 5} V. § 40, 1.

^{page 60 note 1} V. § 41.

^{page 60 note 2} Also bun (bounet), corresponding to Modern French bonnet, etymology unknown.

^{page 60 note 3} Cf. § 106, 2.

^{page 60 note 4} V. § 43, γ.

^{page 60 note 5} Notice also murtrai (mourtraïr): monstrare.

^{page 60 note 6} V. § 39, 2 and 3, β.

^{page 60 note 7} V. § 45.

^{page 61 note 1} Notice püfje (puchier): puteum, and v. § 60, 2.

^{page 61 note 2} V. § 95, 1.

^{page 61 note 3} According to Körting (Wört, No. 5401), this word should come under”, but Schwan (Gram., § 133) puts it’ under o”.

^{page 61 note 4} Cf. § 50, 1.

^{page 62 note 1} Notice the same result in suañe (souagner): sonium.

^{page 62 note 2} V. § 58, note 1. Cf. also kijt (cuillette) and akiλir (accuillirent): Colligere.

^{page 62 note 3} Cf. also muñje (mougnier): molinarium.

^{page 62 note 4} Cf. ndonta'bjë (indàntablle): domitare, and also § 95, 2. An opposite development has taken place in lⁿdmⁿ (lond'main): in + de+mane.

^{page 63 note 1} Cf. § 120.

^{page 63 note 2} In the Vale, one of the Lower Parishes, u” is also dropped in bvⁿ(b'vànt), hv (b'vait), etc.: BIBERE.

^{page 63 note 3} V. § 65.

^{page 63 note 4} Note also deünai (déjunaïr): jejunare.

^{page 64 note 1} Cf. §§ 60, 3 and 108.

^{page 64 note 2} Cf. also büije (bûllier): buculare.

^{page 64 note 3} Cf. § 70.

^{page 64 note 4} Cf. § 71.

^{page 65 note 1} Cf. § 70, 2, note 2.

^{page 65 note 2} Cf. § 72.

^{page 66 note 1} We also hear apœlre (appeul'rai): appelare, though the infinitive is generally pronounced aplai (app'laïr). Notice akœvre (akeuv'rai): accapare, and even adœrfje (adeurchier): directiare and retœrfje (réteurchier): strictiare, in which last two examples the vowel is not influenced by a labial.

^{page 66 note 2} Cf. also kuafje (couachier): collocare and muafe (mouaché): monticellum. Notice si: (s'cie): sollicitare, and also përfⁿ (perchain): proprium and tërzu (terjous): tottos + diurnos (cf. § 161).

^{page 66 note 3} Corresponding to the French appuier: appodiare, is found apiai (appiaïr); cf. aⁿniai (ennyaïr): inodiare.

^{page 66 note 4} V. Schwan, Gram., § 136.

^{page 66 note 5} V. § 53, 1.

^{page 67 note 1} Cf. §§ 95, 1, and 106, 1.

^{page 67 note 2} Cf. § 106, 1.

^{page 67 note 3} V. § 150.

^{page 67 note 4} Cf. also mere'λë (méreille): mirabilia.

^{page 67 note 5} Also dërfje (derchié): caput.

^{page 68 note 1} When after a word ending in a vowel.

^{page 68 note 2} Also kogjr (cauguière): calidum.

^{page 68 note 3} Cf. this result with the fronted k from tj, § 132.

^{page 68 note 4} Cf. also punii (pounu): ponere, corresponding to the French pondu, and gⁿmaⁿ (gràn'ment): grandem.

^{page 69 note 1} Professor Matzke has heard, in English, preterik for preterit, acik for acid, and, in German, Zeik for Zeit.

^{page 69 note 2} V. § 127.

^{page 69 note 3} Especially after a word ending in a vowel.

^{page 69 note 4} V. § 28, 1. Cf. also femkjr (chìmquière): coemeterium and movezkje (mauvaisqué): male + vatium.

^{page 70 note 1} Schwan, Gram., § 253, and Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, p. 458.

^{page 70 note 2} Suchier, Franç., p. 38.

^{page 71 note 1} V. § 133, 1.

^{page 72 note 1} Cf. also tfü (tchu): culum.

^{page 72 note 2} Also pronounced gvaœ', where k has become voiced under the influence of the following sonant v; cf. Fleury, Hague, p. 45, and Beetz, c und ch, p. 24.

^{page 72 note 3} This is the pronunciation of the old people; tuufje, or even tufje, is more usual now.

^{page 73 note 1} Joret, Extension, p. 113.

^{page 73 note 2} Suchier, Franç., pp. 41 and 80.

^{page 73 note 3} Cf. Joret, Bessin, p. 227, and Beetz, c und ch, p. 25.

^{page 73 note 4} The pronunciation of this word with a tf was heard only in the expression mouaïlii jusqu'au tchaïr; elsewhere it is always pronounced with the single f.

^{page 73 note 5} Cf. also elfel (étchelle): scalam.

^{page 74 note 1} There has been much discussion concerning the relative positions of s and f; Jespersen (Articulations of Speech Sounds, p. 62) gives, for the French s, the notation β 1 e f, whereas he believes that β f γ ff 1 indicates somewhat the position of the point and upper surface of the tongue for French f.

^{page 74 note 2} Cf. skeriai (eskériaïr): exquiritare.

^{page 75 note 1} Mr. Guilbert says that λj (or simple λ) used to be heard, when he was a boy, much more frequently than it now is; the j-pronunciation predominates to-day.

^{page 75 note 2} Mr. Corbet says that λ is heard in these examples, but they are pronounced with a j-sound by Mr. Guilbert and other Guernseymen.

^{page 75 note 3} Meyer-Liibke, Oram. Rom., I, pp. 368-374. It should be noted that l has fallen in pii (pus): plus and its compounds.

^{page 76 note 1} Cf. Eggert, Norm. Mund., p. 391, and also the development of n + secondary j into ñ, § 167.

^{page 76 note 2} Cf. this change with that of intervocalic gn (nj) into n, § 166.

^{page 76 note 3} Cf. also bülie (bûllier): bucdlare.

^{page 76 note 4} Meyer-Lübke, Oram. Rom., I, p. 465.

^{page 76 note 5} Görlich, Mak., p. xxi, 56; Busch, Ang.-Norm., pp. 47 and 68.

^{page 76 note 6} V. § 155, 1.

^{page 76 note 7} Cf. § 155, 2.

^{page 77 note 1} This l may be pronounced sometimes, but very rarely.

^{page 77 note 2} Cf. § 154, 2.

^{page 77 note 3} Cf. also kororl (coronel): Italian colonello.

^{page 77 note 4} Meyer-Lübke, Gram. Rom., I, pp. 408-410.

^{page 77 note 5} V. § 161.

^{page 77 note 6} Cf. with this one, the development of final lj (kl) into l, § 154, 1.

^{page 78 note 1} And so with most of the -ir infinitives.

^{page 78 note 2} Cf. Fleury, Hague, p. 51, and Eggert, Norm. Mund., p. 390.

^{page 78 note 3} r falls also before an s-sound in pask (pasque), equivalent to the French parce que, and in travsⁿ (trav'sànt): transversus, with the tenses formed from this present participle. As in French, r drops in such sentences as aut‘matin, ent’ leux dents, etc., where r follows a dental t and precedes a consonant. Cf. the proper name margit (Marguite).

^{page 79 note 1} An illustration with an e, instead of an or eD, is made use of here, because e is further removed from the final result ë than are either or ë, and what would apply to it, would, a fortiori, apply to the other two vowels.

^{page 80 note 1} According to Jespersen, this position might be indicated by βx ^e-f or even βx^e–ff; a different notation would be βf or βfg.

^{page 81 note 1} For similar phenomena, v. Passy, Changements phonétiques, p. 216, § 535.

^{page 81 note 2} Cf. this result with that of l from intervocalic lj, § 153.

^{page 81 note 3} Cf. also grunai (grounnaïr) and grunar (grounard): gruhnire.

^{page 81 note 4} Cf. this development to that of intervocalic l into λ and j, § 152.

^{page 81 note 5} Cf. also muañ (moigne): Greek.

^{page 82 note 1} Cf. also deⁿmaⁿf (Dìnmanche): dominicum, deⁿnai (dìnnaïr): disjunare and the preterit ending of the first person plural -eⁿm (−ìnmes), corresponding to the French -îmes.

^{page 82 note 2} Cf. the nasalization of final i', § 35, 2.

^{page 82 note 3} eraje (éragier): rabiare, on the contrary, may be an example of the loss of the nasalization.

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