Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-28T06:04:15.177Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Useful wild tree resources of southern Sudan: a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 March 2007

Jonathan Robinson
Jonathan Robinson*
Affiliation:
Consultant, Tick-aho, Joroisniemenkehätie, 79600 Joroinen, Finland
*
* E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Southern Sudan has a rich tree flora. Trees are important in the livelihoods of the numerous tribes of the region, who use them for shelter, fuel, food, fodder, medicine and income generation. The gallery and depression forests contain valuable timber trees. Other species provide non-timber forest products that are potentially tradable outside Sudan, particularly in African countries that have over-exploited their own forest resources. As the carrying capacity of the western and central areas of Sudan decreases, the pressure on the natural resources of the higher rainfall southern areas will increase. This in itself might initiate conflict, as various tribes compete over a relatively rich resource base. The recent peace established between the north and south could result in depletion of the forest resources of the south through commercial exploitation. This paper details and discusses the wild tree resources of southern Sudan, including many already threatened species.

Keywords

biodiversityconflictforestsnon-timber forest products
Type
Research Article
Information
Plant Genetic Resources , Volume 4 , Issue 3 , December 2006 , pp. 188 - 197
Copyright
Copyright © NIAB 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Al-Futuh, IM (1989) Study on the processing of Balanites aegyptiaca fruits for drug, food and feed. In Wickens, GE, Haq, N and Day, P (eds) New Crops for Food and Industry. London: Chapman and Hall. 272–279.Google Scholar
Andrews, FW (1948) The vegetation of the Sudan. In Tothill, JD (ed.) Agriculture in The Sudan: Being a Handbook of Agriculture as Practised in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. London: Oxford University Press, 32–61.Google Scholar
Andrews, FW (1950–1956) The Flowering Plants of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 3 vols. Arbroath: T. Buncle & Co.Google Scholar
Anon. (2004) The worst is yet to come. The Economist, 27 November, p. 41.Google Scholar
Anon. (2005 a) Mild rebuke for Darfur's killers. The Economist, 2 April, pp. 37–38.Google Scholar
Anon. (2005b) Failure in Sudan. The Economist, 3 December, p. 9.Google Scholar
Anon. (2005c) It'll do what it can get away with. The Economist, 3 December, pp. 22–24.Google Scholar
Bella, MM, El Tahir, BA, Elshiekh, A and Warag, EE (2002) Report of Sudan. In: Matig, OE, Gaoué, G and Dossou, B (eds) Espèces ligneuses alimentaires. Compte rendu de la première réunion du réseau tenue 11–13 décembre 2000 au CNSF Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Rome: IPGRI, pp. 142–154.Google Scholar
Cailleau, G, Braissant, O & Verrecchia, EP (2004) Biomineralization in plants as a long-term carbon sink. Naturwissenschaften 91: 191–194.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
CIFOR (2003) Science for Forests and People. CIFOR Annual Report 2003. Bogor Barat, Indonesia: CIFOR.Google Scholar
Davis, S, Heywood, V and Hamilton, A (1994) Centres of Plant Diversity, vol. 1. Cambridge: WWF/IUCN.Google Scholar
de Schlippe, P (1956) Shifting Cultivation in Africa, The Zande System of Agriculture, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Dickie, A (1991) Systems of agricultural production in southern Sudan. In Craig, GM (ed.) The Agriculture of the Sudan. London: Oxford University Press, 280–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Draulens, D and van Krunkelsven, E (2002) The impact of war on forest areas in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Oryx 36: 35–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
El Tahir, A, Satti, GM and Khalid, SA (1999) Antiplasmodial activity of selected Sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis on Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 64: 227–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fatima, N, Tapondjou, LA, Lontsi, D, Sondengam, BL and Atta-Ur-Rahman, Choudhary MI (2002) Quinovic acid glycosides from Mitragyna stipulosa –first examples of natural inhibitors of snake venom phosphodiesterase I. Natural Product Letters 16, 389–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friis, I (1994) Centres of plant diversity in Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia. In: Seyani, JH and Chikuni, AC (eds) Proceedings of XIIIth Plenary Meeting AETFAT,Malawi, vol.2, 883–889.Google Scholar
Friis, I and Vollensen, K (1998) Flora of the Sudan–Uganda Border Area East of the Nile. I. Catalogue of Vascular Plants, 1st part. Biologiske Skrifter 51:1. Copenhagen: Munksgaard: Kommissionaer.Google Scholar
Gunasena, HPM and Hughes, A (2000) Tamarind. Southampton: International Centre for Underutilised Crops.Google Scholar
Hedberg, I, Hedberg, O, Madati, PJ, Mshigeni, KE, Mshui, EN and Samuelsson, G (1982) Inventory of plants used in traditional medicine in Tanzania. I. Plants of the families Acanthaceae-Curcurbitaceae. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 6, 29–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoet, S, Opperdoes, F, Brun, R, Adjakidje, V and Quetin-Leclercq, J (2004) In vitro antitrypanosomal activity of enthnopharmacologically selected Beninese plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 91: 37–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jamal, A and Huntsinger, L (1993) Deterioration of sustainable agro-silvo-pastoral system in the Sudan: the gum gardens of Kordofan. Agroforestry Systems 23: 23–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ladipo, DO, Fondoun, JM and Ganga, N (1996) Domestication of the bush mango ( Irvingia spp.): some exploitable intraspecific variations in west and central Africa. In: Leakey, RRB, Temu, AB, Melnyk, M and Vantomme, P (eds)Proceedings of an International Conference Held in Nairobi, Kenya, 19–23 February 1996. Rome: FAO, pp. 193–205.Google Scholar
Levingston, R and Zamora, R (1983) The importance of medicinal plants. Unasylva 140: 7–10.Google Scholar
Mahmoud, MA, Khidir, MA, Khalifa, MA, El Ahmadi, AMB, Musnad, HAR and Mohamed, ETI (1995) Sudan: Country Report to the FAO International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic Resources (Leipzig, 1996). FAO: Rome.Google Scholar
McNeely, JA (2003) Biodiversity, war and tropical forests In: Price, SV (ed.) War and Tropical Forests: Conservation in Areas of Armed Conflict. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 16: 1–20.Google Scholar
Murakami, A, Tanaka, S, Ohigashi, H, Hirota, M, Irie, R, Takeda, N, Tatematsu, A and Koshimizu, K (1992) Chalcone tetramers, lophirachalcone and alatachalcone, from Lophira alata as possible anti-tumour promotors. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry 56: 769–772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nerd, A and Mizrahy, Y (1993) Domestication and introduction of marula (Sclerocarya birrea sbsp. caffra) as a new crop for the Negev Desert of Israel New Crops. Janick, J and Simon, JE (eds) New York. New York: Wiley, pp. 496–499.Google Scholar
Njar, VC, Adesanwo, JK and Raji, Y (1995) Methyl angolensate: the antiulcer agent in stem bark of Entandrophragma angolense. Planta Medica 61: 91–92.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oboh, G and Ekperigin, MM (2004) Nutritional evaluation of some Nigerian wild seeds. Die Nahrung 48: 85–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oldfield, S, Lusty, C and MacKinven, A (1998) The World List of Threatened Trees. Cambridge: World Conservation Press.Google Scholar
Orisadipe, A, Amos, S, Adesomoju, A, Binda, L, Emeje, M, Okogun, J, Wambebe, C and Gamaniel, K (2001) Spasmolytic activity of methyl angolensate: a triterpenoid isolated from Entandrophragma angolense. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 24: 364–367.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palgrave, KC (1984) Trees of Southern Africa. Cape Town: C. Struik (Pty).Google Scholar
Price, SV (2003) Preface. In: Price, SV (ed.) War and Tropical Forests: Conservation in Areas of Armed Conflict. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 16: xvii–xxii.Google Scholar
Richards, P and Ruivenkamp, G (1997) Seeds and Survival: Crop Genetic Resources in War and Reconstruction in Africa. Rome: IPGRI.Google Scholar
Robinson, J (2004) After the conflict: plant genetic resources of southern Sudan. Plant Genetic Resources 2: 85–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanon, S, Olliver, E, Azas, N, Mahiou, V, Gasquet, M, Ouattara, CT, Nebie, I, Traore, AS, Esposito, F, Balansard, G, Timon-David, P and Fumoux, F (2003) Ethnobotanical survey and in vitro antiplasmodial activity of plants used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 86: 143–147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salopek, P and Olson, R (2003) Shattered Sudan: drilling for oil, hoping for peace. National Geographic, February, pp. 30–67.Google Scholar
Schrøder, J-M (2000) The case of Prunus africana (J.D. Hook.) Kalkman—lessons from a non-timber forest product from Mount Cameroon. International Tree Crops Journal 10: 337–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sommerlatte, H and Sommerlatte, M (1990) A Field Guide to the Trees and Shrubs of the Imatong Mountains Southern Sudan. Nairobi: GTZ.Google Scholar
Suliman, M (1999) The Sudan: A Continent of Conflicts. A Report on the State of War and Peace in the Sudan. Bern: Swiss Peace Foundation, Institute for Conflict Resolution and SDC, Federal Department of Foreign Affairs.Google Scholar
Tona, L, Kambu, K, Ngimbi, N, Mesia, K, Penge, O, Lusakibanza, M, Cimanga, K, De Bruyne, T, Apers, S, Totte, J, Peters, L and Vlietinck, AJ (2000) Antiamoebic and spasmolytic activities of extracts from some antidiarrhoeal traditional preparations used in Kinshasa, Congo. Phytomedicine 7: 31–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tothill, JD (1948) Agriculture in The Sudan: Being a Handbook of Agriculture as Practised in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Van Quaquebeke, E, Simon, G, Andre, A, Dewelle, J, Yazidi, ME, Bruyneel, F, Tuti, J, Nacoulma, O, Guissou, P, Decaestecker, C, Braekman, JC, Kiss, R and Darro, F (2005) Identification of a novel cardenolide (2'-oxovoruscharin) from Calotropis procera and the hemisynthesis of novel derivatives displaying potent in vitro antitumor activities and high in vivo tolerance: structure-activity relationship analyses. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 48: 849–856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
von Maydell, H-J (1983) Arbres et arbustes du Sahel. Leurs caractéristiques et leurs utilisations. Eschborn: GTZ.Google Scholar
Warrag, EI, Elsheikh, EA and Elfeel, AA (2002) Forest Genetic Resources Conservation in Sudan. Forest Genetic Resources No. 30 Rome: FAO, pp. 48–51.Google Scholar
Wickens, GE (1991) Natural vegetation. In Craig, GM (ed.) The Agriculture of the Sudan. London: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Williamson, J (1975) Useful Plants of Malawi. Malawi: University of Malawi.Google Scholar