The larvae described in this paper were obtained in 1916 by Major C. E. Southon, I.M.S., from a case of intestinal myiasis observed by him in Nairobi (British East Africa). These larvae were sent to Professor J. H. Ashworth and referred to me by Dr G. A. K. Marshall of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology.

1. A new species of Bothriocephalus—B. pycnomerus—is described from the intestine of Ophiocephalus marulius Ham. Buch., from the Ganges and Jumna at Allahabad, India.

2. B. pycnomerus closely resembles B. histiophorus (Shipley 1901; from the marine sword-fish Histiophorus) in structure but differs chiefly in the possession of an armed scolex and its crowded indistinct segmentation.

3. Lühe's definition of the genus Bothriocephalus must be amended to include forms with armed scolices and forms in which the ventral uterine apertures are a-median and irregularly alternate.

4. Two new species of Proteocephalidae are described which possess armed muscular rostella, and for these a new genus Gangesia is created and defined. The definitions of the Order Tetraphyllidea (Lühe 1910) and of the Family Proteocephalidae (La Rue 1914) must be amended to include forms possessing muscular rostella, armed or unarmed.

5. These two new species—Gangesia wallago and G. macrones—were found in the intestines of Wallago attu Bleek and Macrones seenghala Sykes (both Siluroids) respectively, from the Ganges and Jumna at Allahabad.

6. Southwell's “Ophryocotyle bengalensis,” from Ophiocephalus striatus, Labeo rohita and Wallago attu, is probably identical with Gangesia wallago.

In the present state of our knowledge, it is difficult to establish the specific identity of the Piroplasmidae that occur in the blood of various animals and it is still more difficult to identify them when found in the same host in different localities. Therefore it is more practical in dealing with such parasites, encountered in different animals, to consider them as separate species, because, by so doing we are more likely to acquire accurate information about them and to avoid confusion.

In December, 1922, whilst dissecting a large female example of Bufo regularis, one of my students noticed a cylindrical structure extending along the ventral region of the body-cavity. A careful examination showed that this structure consisted of an elongated sac-like diverticulum of the right lung, containing an almost full-grown specimen of a dipterous larva, which could be seen through the membraneous wall of the diverticulum. The base of the latter, in addition to its point of origin from the lung, was also connected to the dorsal surface of the liver by strands of fibrous tissue, suggesting that the growth had been in existence some considerable time in order to cause such adhesions. Posteriorly, the diverticulum hung freely in the body cavity and extended to the extreme hinder end. Its dimensions were 5·5 cm. in length, by 0·5 cm. in diameter, but tapering towards each extremity.

While collecting in the Shetland Islands during August 1923, I made examinations of many marine animals in the search for protozoan parasites. Among the species examined was Echinus esculentus, and I was interested to note the presence of a large number of ciliates in the intestine of three specimens. I can find no description of this ciliate, and am obliged to believe that it has never been recorded before. This is somewhat surprising, since many of these sea-urchins must be examined every year in zoological laboratories; it is difficult to understand how such conspicuous parasites have escaped observation for so long.

1. Neottiophilum praeustum (Meigen 1826) is an Acalypterate fly, the larva of which inhabits the nests of various birds, e.g. Greenfinches, Chaffinches, Linnets, Thrushes and Blackbirds.

2. The structure of the early stages of this fly namely eggs, larva and pupa is here described for the first time.

3. Hendel's view that Neottiophilum should be separated into a new family is confirmed.

4. The larvae of Neottiophilum live as intermittent blood-sucking parasites upon the birds. Their feeding habits are similar to those of Phormia and Passeromyia.

5. The structure of the pharynx in Cyclorhaphous Dipterous larvae gives important indications as to the mode of feeding. Those larvae which are provided with longitudinal ridges are saprophagous or living upon decomposed vegetable or animal substances, while those which are devoid of ridges are biontophagous or feeding upon living substances (parasites in plants and in animals, predaceous or living in the uterus of the mother).

6. This generalisation, when applied to the study of myiasis in plants, animals and man, enables us to separate them into two categories: (1) primary or parasitic myiasis and (2) secondary or pseudoparasitic myiasis, these being either accidental (intestinal) or following upon bacterial infection.

The publication of this list of Reptilian Trematode parasites involves little comment. Reptiles form at most an insignificant and unobtrusive part of the fauna of this country and, apparently, few if any, investigations have ever been made of the Trematode parasites which may occur in them. I have personally examined a few snakes but with entirely negative results.

Bilharz was born on 23 March, 1825, at Sigmaringen on the Danube, where his father held a position connected with the management of the Royal estates. He was the eldest of nine children, of whom four died young. As a boy he attended the local school, where he displayed exceptional diligence and earnestness in his studies. His love of the study of nature showed itself at an early age, for he was a keen collector of plants, insects and minerals, his tastes in this direction being stimulated by constant access to a collection of natural objects formed by his uncle.

Recently the writer has had occasion to go over and help arrange the United States National Museum collection of fleas. Although not as extensive as some of the other well-known flea collections, it is invaluable of the Philippines, and of Doctor Carrol Fox, Surgeon, United States Philippines, and of Doctor Carrol Fox, Surgeon, United States Public Health Service, Two of the foremost authorities on the Siphonaptera.