Ce trématode a été trouvé par Nicoll dans l'intestin du Totanus calidris L. dans la Grande-Brétagne.

We had the opportunity of examining about twelve snakes (Tropidonotus natrix) all from the same district, and found in almost every case a heavy infection with various Trematodes. In the lungs we found Saphedra longicollis, and in the small intestine Leptophallus nigrovensis and Cercorchis nematoides, together with several specimens of Odhneria bolognensis n.g., n.sp. We will discuss the systematic position of this new genus in another part of this paper.

Es ist schon längst die weit verbreitete Hautkrankheit des Menschen bekannt, welche in Russland bildlich als “Wolossatik” bezeichnet wird. Dieser Volksname findet seine Erklärung im Aberglauben der Bauern, welche überzeugt sind, dass ein ins Wasser gefallenes Pferdehaar auflebe (Verwechselung mit dem Gordius aquaticus). In solchem Zustande solle es manchmal beim Baden oder Waschen in die Haut des Menschen eindringen, wo es sich bewegt, ein Jucken verursacht und in der Haut eine rötliche, leicht angeschwollene Spur resp. eine mehr oder weniger gewundenen Linie hinterlassen kann. Diese Krank-heit wurde beschrieben (1) von Lee, welcher in der Clinical Society of London, 1874, einen Vortrag über einen Fall der Kriechkrankheit (Creeping eruption) gehalten hat, und (2) von Samson, welcher 1895, in Wratsch einen Brief über eine neue Hautkrankheit veröffentlicht hat. Auf Samson's Brief folgten bald analoge Mitteilungen Ssokolow (1895), Kuschen (1896), Olissow (1897), Kum-berg (1898), Rownitzky (1898), Wostrikow und Bogrow (1909) in Russland und Lee (1884), Malcolm Morris (1896), Neumann (1895), Kaposi (1898), Harlingen (1902), Boas (1907), Fülleborn (1908, 1918), Knowles (1916), León (1914) u. a. in West-Europa und Amerika.

The host of this gregarine is Dacne rufifrons Fabr., a small beetle, which is commonly to be found feeding on the polypores which grow on old elm trees in the neighbourhood of Cambridge. Beetles collected in the Autumn, and again in the following Spring, were very heavily parasitized. The beetles live together in small colonies, a habit which greatly increases the chance of infection.

The material described in this paper was obtained from a mongoose (Herpestes albopunctatus Hodgson 1853), dead twelve hours when dissected. In the mesentery were numerous larval cestodes and in the intestine approximately fifty adults of another species. The preservation was good. The preservation was good. I wish here to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr G. D. Bhalerao, M.Sc., of this University, for the help given me in the preparation of the specimens.

It is perhaps unnecessary to introduce this series of papers with the remark that the chief interest in the study of the Mallophaga centres about the problems associated with their distribution and that these problems are in some measure at least coincident with the problem of the genetic relationship of their hosts. All this has been said very clearly, many times and by various writers. Yet I repeat it again, for it is this interest which is responsible for the papers to follow and it is as a contribution toward the study of these problems that they are intended, notwithstanding the circuitous route that may be followed in arriving at this goal.

When, in 1917–18, I made a microscopic examination of freshwater snails at Potchefstroom, Transvaal, I found 10 per cent, of the examples of Isidora schackoi Jickeli infested with eye-spotted cercariae which Dr E. C. Faust recognised as amphistomes. Some shells which I collected from the same pools and considered to be immature examples of Isidora schackoi have been identified as Sericima. It is possible that the two species are identical. I found Isidora forskali at Cato Manor, outside Durban, infested with amphistomes, and confirmed this observation by isolating similar cercariae from the same freshwater snail on the Umgeni flats. I have obtained examples of Isidora forskali from Amanzimtoti, Isipingo, Clairwood, Umhl-a-tazana, Cato Manor, Inchanga station, Umgeni, Tongaat, Nonoti, Umzindusi, at Pietermarizburg, Lourenço Marques and Beira. These places constitute several new localities for the species and no Isidorae had previously been recorded from Beira. This mollusc is common in small shallow spruits and is often attached to small plants or water-lily leaves. It is seldom more than 10 mm. in length.

1. Of 20 mice (previously ascertained to be free from Hymenolepis infection for a period of at least 42 days), artificially infected with Hymenolepis eggs, only one failed to show definite evidence of Hymenolepis infection when examined from three to 24 days after. Of nine control mice none showed infection during a period of at least 53 days and were found to be uninfected when killed. Of five further control mice which were subsequently artificially infected, four were found to be free from infection when killed.

These results prove conclusively that direct infection, i.e. the infection of one mouse by ingestion of the eggs laid by the Hymenolepis of another mouse, can take place without the intervention of any intermediate host. The one-host account of the life-cycle of Hymenolepis fraterna promulgated by Grassi and Rovelli and Joyeux is thus the correct one, though this does not exclude the possibility of the Hymenolepis egg occasionally developing into a cysticercoid inside the body-cavity of a flea and undergoing the rest of its development when the flea is eaten by a mouse. I have not ascertained whether or not a mouse can re-infect itself by swallowing Hymenolepis eggs contained in its own faeces.

2. Hymenolepis fraterna individuals of the same age (i.e. developed from eggs ingested at the same time) often but not always develop at very different rates in different mice and in the same mouse. Grassi and Rovelli's statement that Hymenolepis fraterna takes from 15 to 30 days to become mature is approximately correct.

Hymenolepis fraterna can become mature, i.e. possess ripe eggs in the hind proglottides, when only 6 mm. or 7 mm. long. In cases of heavy infection (e.g. 100–200 individuals in a single mouse) the worms probably always remain of small size (ca. 10 mm.) as compared with the worms in light infections where they attain a length of 20–25 mm.

Eggs can be shed as early as the fifteenth and probably on the fourteenth day of development.

3. It is probable that mature H. fraterna often sheds all its eggs within a period of a week and often less, the eggless and degenerate worm then being voided in the faeces.

4. In artificial infection of mice definite results can only be obtained with heavily-infected faecal material. Occasionally mice appear to be immune, but, judging from my experiments, such immunity is rare in mice of medium size. I cannot confirm Joyeux's statement that very young mice are most susceptible to infection. Out of some 200 mice examined I found that the smallest and largest mice were least liable to be infected, medium-sized mice supplying all my infected faeces. The largest mouse (over 35 gm.) in my experimental series, on the other hand, became infected with a weak concentration of eggs.

The anatomy of the bed-bug has been described many times by other writers. There is therefore no intention in the present paper of dealing with more than those parts of the anatomy which have been described incorrectly or insufficiently or have been omitted from the descriptions. Such are the mouth-parts, salivary pump, salivary glands and nephrocytes and with these subjects accordingly this paper deals exclusively.

On June 10th, 1923, a practising veterinary surgeon brought into the Pathological Laboratory at the University scrapings that he had obtained from a herd of cattle which were suspected of being mangy. The sample was examined for mites without success. The veterinary surgeon said that the lesions were not typical of mange, but if it was not mange, it was some form of dermatitis which was unknown to him.

In the present state of our knowledge, it is difficult to establish the specific identity of the Piroplasmidae that occur in the blood of various animals and it is still more difficult to identify them when found in the same host in different localities. Therefore it is more practical in dealing with such parasites, encountered in different animals, to consider them as separate species, because, by so doing we are more likely to acquire accurate information about them and to avoid confusion.

In December, 1922, whilst dissecting a large female example of Bufo regularis, one of my students noticed a cylindrical structure extending along the ventral region of the body-cavity. A careful examination showed that this structure consisted of an elongated sac-like diverticulum of the right lung, containing an almost full-grown specimen of a dipterous larva, which could be seen through the membraneous wall of the diverticulum. The base of the latter, in addition to its point of origin from the lung, was also connected to the dorsal surface of the liver by strands of fibrous tissue, suggesting that the growth had been in existence some considerable time in order to cause such adhesions. Posteriorly, the diverticulum hung freely in the body cavity and extended to the extreme hinder end. Its dimensions were 5·5 cm. in length, by 0·5 cm. in diameter, but tapering towards each extremity.

1. Neottiophilum praeustum (Meigen 1826) is an Acalypterate fly, the larva of which inhabits the nests of various birds, e.g. Greenfinches, Chaffinches, Linnets, Thrushes and Blackbirds.

2. The structure of the early stages of this fly namely eggs, larva and pupa is here described for the first time.

3. Hendel's view that Neottiophilum should be separated into a new family is confirmed.

4. The larvae of Neottiophilum live as intermittent blood-sucking parasites upon the birds. Their feeding habits are similar to those of Phormia and Passeromyia.

5. The structure of the pharynx in Cyclorhaphous Dipterous larvae gives important indications as to the mode of feeding. Those larvae which are provided with longitudinal ridges are saprophagous or living upon decomposed vegetable or animal substances, while those which are devoid of ridges are biontophagous or feeding upon living substances (parasites in plants and in animals, predaceous or living in the uterus of the mother).

6. This generalisation, when applied to the study of myiasis in plants, animals and man, enables us to separate them into two categories: (1) primary or parasitic myiasis and (2) secondary or pseudoparasitic myiasis, these being either accidental (intestinal) or following upon bacterial infection.